DESARROLLO PSICOSOCIAL

Allen-Ferguson System: a classification system for cervical spine trauma based on the describe mechanism of injury

Allograft: a tissue graft from a donor of the same species as the recipient but not genetically identical

Annulus Fibrosus: ring of fibrous tissue in the intervertebral disc

Anterior: situated at or directed toward the front; opposite of posterior; refers to the front of the body when in the anatomical position

Arthrodesis: surgical immobilization of a joint so that the bones grow solidly together Articular: pertaining to a joint, or a joint surface

Atlas: first vertebra of the cervical spine

Autograft: a tissue or organ that is transplanted from one part to another part of the same body

Axial Rotation: act of rotating the spine about the superior-inferior axis Axis: second vertebra of the neck

Caudal: situated in or directed towards the hind part of the body; inferior to another structure, in the sense of being below it

Cervical Spine: the seven vertebrae of the neck

Collagenous: naturally occurring fibrous protein; main component of connective tissue Comorbid: existing simultaneously with and usually independently of another medical condition

Corpectomy: surgical procedure that removes part of the vertebral body

Cranial: directed toward the skull, superior to another structure, in the sense of being above it

Diarthrodial: articulation that permits free movement Discectomy: removal of the intervertebral disc

Discoligamentous: both the intervertebral disc and surrounding ligaments combined

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Most anatomical definitions found using Merriam-Webster’s Medical Dictionary, Bethesda, MD, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html. Other definitions have been found using the “define” tool in Google Search.

Disc Degeneration: deterioration of the physical structure of the intervertebral disc Direction Cosines: the cosines of the angles between the vector and the three coordinate axes of a reference frame

Dislocation: displacement of one or more bones at a joint Distraction: excessive separation.

Euler Angles: three independent angles used to uniquely describe the orientation of a rigid body in a frame of reference

Extension: rotation of the spine about the medial-lateral axis in a posterior direction Facet Joints: a synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it

Finite Helical Axis: a vector that defines the axis of rotation of a moving object Flexion: rotation of the spine about the medial-lateral axis in an anterior direction Flexibility Testing: load-based input for simulating spine motion

Foramen: an opening through a bone which nerves, arteries, veins, etc. pass through Fracture: the act or process of breaking or the state of being broken

Frame of Reference: a system of geometric axes in relation to which measurements of size, position, or motion can be made

Frontal Plane: a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions Fusion: surgical immobilization of a joint (see arthodesis)

Graft: to implant tissue surgically

Hysteresis: the phenomenon in which the value of a physical property lags behind changes in the effect causing it

Inferior: in anatomy, used in reference to the lower surface of a structure, or to the lower of two (or more) similar structures

In Vitro: in an artificial environment outside the living organism In Vivo: within the living organism

Intervertebral Disc: tough elastic discs that are interposed between adjacent vertebrae Kinematics: the study of motion of one body with respect to another

Laminae: two thin plates extending from the lateral mass of each vertebra converging at the spinal process

Lateral: denoting a position farther from the median plane or mid-line of the body or a structure; refers to being away from the mid-line of the body when in the anatomical position

Lateral Bending: rotation of the spine about the anterior-posterior axis to left or right sides

Lateral Mass: large pillars of bone on the sides of the cervical vertebrae defined by a superior and inferior articular process

Laxity: state of being non-rigid

Ligament: band of fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints

Mechanotransduction: mechanism which converts mechanical stimulus into chemical activity

Medial: situated towards the mid-line of the body or a structure Morphological: Of, relating to, or concerned with form or structure

Motion Segment: a unit of the spine used to describe the general mechanical behaviour of a region of the spine; consists to adjacent vertebrae, as well as the intervertebral disc and connecting ligaments

Musculoskeletal: of, relating to, or involving both musculature and skeleton

Neurologic: relating to neurology; the branch of medicine concerning the structure, functions, and diseases of the nervous system

Neurovascular: involving both nerves and blood vessels

Neutral Zone: a kinematic stability measure traditionally used to define in vitro spinal laxity

Nucleus Pulposes: an elastic mass lying in the center of each intervertebral disc Occiput: back part of the skull

Orthogonal: relating to or composed of right angles Osseous: consisting of bone

Osteoarthritis: a non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease of the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures

Osteoligamentous: both the bone (osseous) and ligaments structures combined Osteophyte: a pathologic bone outgrowth

Pedicles: two short pieces of bone that form the lateral sides of the vertebral arch connecting the arch to the vertebral body

Perched facet: excessive subluxation of inferior articular process on the superior articular process of the adjacent vertebra below immediately prior to dislocation

Physiologic: in accordance with or characteristic of the normal functioning of a living organism

Posterior: directed toward or situated at the back; opposite of anterior; refers to the back of the body when in the anatomical position

Process: a prominent or projecting part of an organism or organic structure Proximal: situated next to or near the point of attachment or origin

Quasi-static: process that occurs very slowly

Radiograph: an image produced on a sensitive film by X-rays, gamma rays, or similar radiation, and typically used in medical examination

Range of Motion: overall magnitude of motion attained during an activity Rigid Body: an idealization of a solid body in which deformation is neglected

Sagittal Plane: the vertical, median plane that divides the body into left and right lateral sides

Screw Displacement Axis: see Finite Helical Axis

Segmentation: the process of partitioning an image into multiple regions in order to simplify or change the representation of the image

Servohydraulic: use of hydraulics (i.e., oil pressure & related electronics) to control mechanical position

Six Degree-of-Freedom (Loading): three forces directed along a set of three orthogonal axes, and the bending moments about each axis

Six Degree-of-Freedom (Motion): three translations and three rotations in a defined orthogonal reference frame

Spinous Process: dorsal process of the neural arch of a vertebra Subaxial: cervical vertebrae below the Axis (C2)

Subaxial Injury Classification (SLIC): a proposed classification system for cervical spine trauma based on the describe mechanism of injury, as well as fracture morphology, discoligamentous health, and neurologic status

Subluxation: partial dislocation (as of one of the bones in a joint) Superior: situated above, or directed upward

Synovial Joint: a joint surrounded by a capsule that is filled with a lubricating fluid Transverse Plane: a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Trauma: a body wound or shock produced by a sudden physical injury Tubercle: small bony protrusion

Unilateral: occurring on, performed on, or affecting one side of the body or one of its parts

Unit Vector: an axis directed in space with a length of one