2.2.1 DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE Y ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS EN EL ECUADOR

Website: <www.worldbank.org>

Contact person(s): Donald Bundy at [email protected]

Introduction and background

The World Bank has two key objectives in its work on SHN. First, to contribute to achieving EFA and the MDGs (Goals 2 and 3), by ensuring the good health and nutrition of all school-age children, especially poor, disadvantaged and vulnerable children. The second objective is to contribute to the multi-sectoral response to HIV&AIDS, by ensuring that school-age children – “a window of hope” – benefit from the social vaccine of education.

The World Bank provides financial assistance for SHN and HIV&AIDS and education operations in low and middle income countries globally. This assistance is typically provided as a component of more comprehensive projects in a broad range of sectors, including: education; health; nutrition; HIV&AIDS (Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program − MAP); social protection; and infrastructure (sanitation). It is estimated that some US$490 million is currently made available in this way from 55 active projects. In addition, and not included in this estimate, are the resources which countries choose to apply to these subject areas from Sector Wide Approach, Heavily Indebted Poor Countries and Poverty Reduction Support Credit budgetary support.

In addition to support for operations, Trust Funds provided by the government shareholders of the World Bank, including Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom, and the World Bank’s Development Grant Facility together make available US$4.1million annually to assist analysis and project preparation.

The World Bank is working with 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa on SHN and HIV&AIDS, 5 countries in South Asia,15 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 8 in East Asia and 7 in Europe and Central Asia.

The World Bank was one of the founding members of the FRESH partnership and participated in the launch of the framework as a component of EFA at the World Education Forum, Dakar, 2000. The FRESH framework is used as the organizing principle in designing SHN programmes.

Activities and programmes

The World Bank works on improving access to safe water primarily through infrastructure programmes. Promotion of adequate sanitation occurs primarily through civil works as part of education programmes. Gender segregation is the normal policy.

Hygiene education and improvement of litter disposal is promoted through education programmes. Note that waste disposal components of projects are subject to environmental assessment. Hand washing promotion is an important focus for implementation; the Global Secretariat for hand washing is located at the World Bank and there are programmes in Benin, Colombia, Ecuador, Ghana, Indonesia, Madagascar, Nepal, Paraguay, Peru, Senegal, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Vietnam. Children are one of the major target audiences for

hand washing programmes and most of the messages and activities to meet them are channelled through schools.

The World Bank supports the development of national school health and HIV&AIDS policies that use a rights-based approach. Improving access to counselling, as well as improving access and quality of education for children with special needs is part of education, social protection and HIV&AIDS projects, and gender equality is mainstreamed in all World Bank projects.

Projects and Trust Funds management, support the reconstruction of education systems in conflict and post-conflict countries e.g. Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Sierra Leone, Sudan and Rwanda.

HIV&AIDS and reproductive health education - curriculum development and teacher training (in-schools) and peer education and school clubs (out-of-schools) are supported through education and HIV&AIDS (MAP) projects. Malaria prevention education is a new area for the World Bank that is being developed as part of the Malaria Booster Programme. The key elements being explored are promotion of bednets and provision of treatment.

Nutrition education is promoted through education, nutrition, ECD and rural development projects. Health education further promotes positive life styles and avoiding risky behaviours, with respect to substance abuse, accident and road safety, using a life skills approach. The World Bank does not normally provide financial assistance for school feeding programmes, but is currently undertaking a detailed financial and effectiveness analysis with WFP. Micronutrient supplementation: Iron folate, Vitamin A and Iodine (as iodized oil). Note that iodized oil was intended to be targeted at populations at special risk and is being phased- out in favour of promotion of salt iodization. Provision of and referral to Reproductive Health services occurs primarily as part of health projects which support youth/child-friendly services. Physical health education is promoted primarily as part of education or HIV&AIDS (MAP) projects. The majority of these efforts are in the provision of sports equipment and facilities. Immunization and vaccination efforts are supported through health and ECD projects targeting preschool children. Deworming is promoted where appropriate, usually implemented by the education system in coordination with the health sector.

Topics on policy and advocacy work

Topic Topic Human rights, discrimination and stigma

reduction ✔ Services for students with special needs ✔ School feeding programmes Violence prevention

Immunization, vaccination _✔ Gender and sexual diversity _✔ Ethnic and religious diversity _✔ Environmental concerns _✔ Skills-based health education including

reproductive health/HIV&AIDS prevention ✔ Access to safe water ✔ Tobacco, drugs, alcohol prevention _✔ Promotion of adequate sanitation/latrines _✔ Health and nutrition services, including

deworming ✔ Partnerships and participation ✔

Promotion of a safe school environment _✔ Malaria care and prevention Work place issues _✔ Other:

Partnerships, advocacy, research and participation

All SHN programmes that are supported by the World Bank are developed jointly by education and health, and this partnership is formalized through a Memorandum of Understanding, exchange of letters, or policy statement. Other key partners vary among countries, but typically include sectors responsible for the care and support of orphans and vulnerable children (i.e. Social Welfare, Labour, or Women’s Affairs; Parent Teacher Associations; and Teacher Unions). Social Funds may play a role in supporting community partners, and the 40% of all HIV&AIDS (MAP) funds are available to civil society organizations, including community-based, faith-based and non-governmental organizations.

Stakeholder consultation is a component of project preparation and typically includes representatives of student and teacher organizations and Parent Teacher Associations. Social Funds, Community-Directed development components and circa 40% of MAP funds are community demand-led. World Bank Country Offices increasingly include Youth representatives in the decision-making.

The World Bank is a partner of FRESH, the UNAIDS IATT on Education (e.g. on children and HIV&AIDS), the UN SCN (including the Working Groups for school-age children and for micronutrients), EFA, and the EFA-Fast Track Initiative. This ensures active partnership with UN agencies (especially the UNAIDS co-sponsors), bilateral agencies, multilateral agencies including the regional development banks, intergovernmental agencies (global, regional and sub-regional), and civil society organizations.

The World Bank coordinates the UNAIDS IATT on Education Working Group to ‘accelerate the education sector response to HIV&AIDS’. With more than 30 partners this Working Group is working with some 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa to promote education sector leadership, effective results-based programmes and resource mobilization for SHN and HIV&AIDS education. This effort is now extending to the Caribbean, East and South Asia.

Examples of operational research include:

1. A randomized study of the impact of school-based AIDS prevention in Kenya. 2. A cohort study of orphans and vulnerable children in Zimbabwe.

3. An analysis (with WFP) of the cost-effectiveness of school feeding.

Future plans

Funding is likely to be scaled up – the investment in SHN and HIV&AIDS and education is demand-led and reflects leadership by the education sector. It is anticipated that the focus on promoting leadership in Africa, and the expansion to other geographical areas (see below) will lead to increased demand and more frequent development of SHN components of projects.

Geographic expansion is expected to the Caribbean, East and South Asia.

Technically, expansion into the areas of reduction of violence against children and improved malaria responses in schools is expected. Furthermore, discussions are underway to strengthen the focus of the EFA-Fast Track Initiative on supporting HIV&AIDS education and SHN.