8. Aplicación de la secuencia didáctica
8.3 Desarrollo y aplicación de la secuencia didáctica
Behaviour
Schwartz’s Personal Value Inventory (1992) comprises 56 commonly cited values classified
under a set of 10 universal sub‐dimensions (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation,
self‐direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security). While all of
these sub‐dimensions are found in every culture, the level of importance of each varies
(Schwartz, 1992). Participants were presented with the inventory of 56 values and were
asked to rate the five values with which they most closely identified and which were most
important to entrepreneurial behaviour (see Appendix A).
Participants were instructed not to rate all 56 values in the inventory. Research by Holt
(1997) and others has indicated that individuals not only subscribe to a few critically
important values to guide their behaviour but are also only really conscious of a few at any
one time (McGrath, McMillan, Yang & Tsai, 1992; Mitchell, Smith, Seawright & Morse,
2000). The table below reflects the top five values rated in order of importance by
participants. Participants were asked to rate their values according to a five‐point scale of
supreme importance (5); very important (4); quite important (3); moderately important (2);
important (1). The table below reflects the ratings made by the participants to the top five
values believed to be reflective of entrepreneurial behaviour and against the above five
point scale. Each value’s raw score was added together and divided by 30 to arrive at the
mean score shown in the table.
Value Total Raw Score Avg. INDEPENDENT 145 4.83 AMBITIOUS 117 3.90 CHOOSING OWN GOALS 107 3.57 CREATIVITY 101 3.37 DARING 49 1.63
Table 1: Rated values – Top five, N=30.
A key finding from this survey has been the discovery that three of the above value
descriptors; ‘Independence, Choosing own goals, and Creativity’ are clustered under the
‘Self‐direction’ sub‐dimension defined by Schwarz (1992). Self‐direction, as a sub‐dimension
within the values inventory, was derived from the individual’s need for control and mastery
as well as the interactional requirements for autonomy and independence. These findings
are significant when it comes to comparing the sub‐dimension of Self Direction (Schwarz,
1992) and Self Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 1985), which will be expanded on later.
‘Ambitious’ is a descriptor from the ‘Achievement’ sub‐dimension in Schwartz’s typology
(1992). The defining goal of ‘Achievement’ is personal success through demonstrating
competence. Competent performance is a requirement if individuals are to obtain the
resources they need to capitalise on entrepreneurial opportunities and if social interaction
and opportunity exploitation are to succeed (Shane 2003). The ‘Achievement’ value type as
it has been defined by Schwartz (1992) differs from McClelland’s nAch (McClelland,
Atkinson, Clark & Lowell, 1953) who define achievement motivation to meet the individual’s
standards of excellence. This latter definition would be more closely related to the values
associated with a ‘Self‐direction’ sub‐dimension. ‘Ambitious’ is also integrally related to the
notion of ‘Choosing own goals’, as in the expectation that entrepreneurial behaviour is
targeted at achieving ambitious goals. The rationale behind a joint consideration of
‘ambitious’ and ‘Choosing own goals’ is more fully developed in the next chapter.
‘Daring’ is a descriptor associated with the ‘Stimulation’ sub‐dimension (Schwartz, 1992).
71 stimulation in order to maintain an optimal level of functioning. This need is also related to
those that underpin ‘Self‐direction’ values (Deci, 1975). Variations in the need for
stimulation and arousal, conditioned as they are by social experience, may produce
individual differences in the importance of stimulation values.
Only seven of the participants chose this as an important value. This would indicate that
there are differences in the levels of stimulation needed in entrepreneurial activity. In other
words, some individuals need and respond better to more challenge and variety than
others. When probed further with participants during the interviews it was discovered that
‘daring’ was perhaps not the best way to describe the individual’s need for challenge,
stimulation and variety but rather to associate ‘daring’ with the individual’s risk profile.
Participants were indeed easily bored by continuous activities associated with day‐to‐day
management of their business but opted instead to express this aspect of their behaviour
under the need for ‘independence’. The low number of responses but the higher rating
attributed by participants to the notion of ‘daring’ suggests that it could be construed as a
differentiating feature focused on the notion of ‘risk’ between normal business activity and
entrepreneurial behaviour.
Participants were only given the words as values, for example, ‘independent’, without
Schwartz’s further explanation of the concept, that is, ‘self‐reliant, self sufficient’ in the
survey. This was done in the knowledge that there would be interviews with each
participant and that I would be able to establish first hand their subjective interpretation of
the concept and the meaning they attached to it. While this may sound trite, the relevance
of this omission becomes more apparent when considering the concept of ‘successful’,
which Schwarz simply describes as ‘achieving goals.’ ‘Success’ is a relative concept and will
differ in meaning and impact from one individual to another. It is this individual meaning
that was important to surface through the interviews without pre‐empting suggested
descriptions.
In summary, a total of five values were deemed to be important in the context of
entrepreneurial behaviour with ‘independence, ambition, choosing own goals’ and
‘creativity’ significantly more important than ‘daring. The clustering of these value
entrepreneurial behaviour is largely perceived to be self‐determined behaviour. The
individual meaning participants placed on each of these values is covered below.