Descripción de los casos de uso del sistema

Zhang and Bell [104] addressed the simultaneous determination of price and inventory replenishment in a newsvendor setting when the firm faces demand from two or more market segments in which the firm can set different prices. They allowed for demand leakage from higher-priced segments to lower-priced segments and assume that unsatisfied demand can be backlogged. They examined the case where the demands occur concurrently without priority and are met from a single inventory. They considered customer‘s buy-down behaviour explicitly by modeling

demand leakage as a function of segment price differentiation, and characterized the structure of optimal inventory and pricing policies (as opposed to models that use EOQ approaches). Decision variables were identified (including manufacturing and remanufacturing capacities and return rates and use rates for end-of-life products) and optimal policies were determined. Moreover, the structure of these optimal policies was analyzed. The conclusion drawn was that, in many realistic scenarios, mixed policies (that is, with return rates and use rates strictly between 0 and 1) could be optimal. This conclusion was contrary to results published in earlier studies, which were based on more restrictive assumptions.

Jung and Hwang [105] considered the case of remanufacturing in a reverse logistics chain with one remanufacturer and one original equipment manufacturer (OEM).This case is appropriate with Toner cartridge industry dealing with remanufacturing under the ―take-back requirement‖, The OEM sells new products and takes the responsibility by paying corresponding penalties if the take-back quota for the end-of-use products is breached. Through the development of mathematical models with the objective of profit maximization, he studied the optimal pricing policies of OEM and remanufacturer under two cases, competition and cooperation. The repeated game model and a search procedure are used to solve these cases. To analyze the interactions between the two a sensitivity analysis was conducted.

Pellerin et al. [106] in their work, considered the importance of planned demand at the end of the expected life of each individual piece of equipment and unplanned demand triggered by a major equipment failure in the control of a manufacturing system. This type of manufacturing system is difficult to control because of the variable nature of the remanufacturing process. a multi-level control problem is formulated and a suboptimal control policy is proposed. The proposed control policy is described by inventory thresholds triggering the use of different execution modes. Based on parameter optimization of analytical cost expressions, control policy parameters are Determined. The author presented a numerical example based on a real case. This analysis demonstrates the significant reduction in the total average cost by using the proposed control approach as compared to current practices

The work of Sundin and Bras [107] was based on the fact that, when the functional sales contracts are used in connection with product remanufacturing, it has both economic and environmental benefits. The author here provides a clarification on these benefits and provides an argument for why products to be used for functional

sales should be remanufactured. The products aimed for remanufacturing should be adapted for the process as much as possible to achieve an efficient remanufacturing process. The cleaning and repairing steps are most critical in the remanufacturing process is clear from the analyses of remanufacturing facilities for household appliances and automotive parts. The author opine that the product designers should focus on giving the products the properties like, ease of access, ease of handling, ease of separation and wear resistance to facilitate these two steps.

Subramoniam et al. [108] in their work paper addressed the gap between reverse logistics and the strategic decisions in particular to automotive industry. The author has done a vivid study on customer demand(s), product design and development, cost-benefit analysis of remanufacturing, core (i.e., used product) supply management, remanufacturing competencies and skills, product life cycle strategies, remanufacturing and reverse logistics network design, relationships among key stakeholders, impact of emerging economies, regulations, and environmental considerations. The literature findings along with their experience in working with automotive remanufacturing products were used as inputs to guide the formulation of seven major propositions for the strategic factors in decision making within remanufacturing. The propositions were then tested through a case study. He has identified the factors like OE (original equipment) customer requirements. The author is in opinion that this particular work can provide a foundation for further research for companies dealing with Original Equipment Sales, Service, as well as Independent Aftermarket business in the automotive sectors. The case study reconfirmed many of the factors like product life cycle, regulations, etc.

Kim et al. [109] proposed a general framework for a remanufacturing environment and a mathematical model that maximizes the total cost savings by optimally deciding the quantity of parts to be processed at each remanufacturing facilities, the number of purchased parts from subcontractor. This particular work is applicable to the remanufacturing process of reusable parts in reverse logistics, where the manufacturer has two alternatives for supplying parts: either ordering the required parts to external suppliers or overhauling returned products and bringing them back to ‗as new‘ conditions. This model is newly introduced and developed in the reverse logistics literatures. Through a set of experimental data reflecting practical business situation and sensitivity analyses conducted on various parameters to gain insight into the proposed model. This model seems extremely good.

Franke et al. [110] developed a generic remanufacturing plan for mobile phones for successful remanufacturing of mobile phones that must meet the challenges of continuously falling prices for new phone models, short life cycles, disassembly of unfriendly designs and prohibiting transport, labor and machining costs in high-wage countries. A linear optimization model is introduced, for the planning of remanufacturing capacities and production programs, To support the planner in the periodic adaptation of an existing remanufacturing facility under quickly changing product, process, and market constraints, discrete-event simulation is applied.

Uncertainties regarding quantity and conditions of mobile phones, reliability of capacities, processing times, and demand are considered for the model development. The simulation model is generated by an algorithm using results from the linear optimization approach to cope up with the mobile phone remanufacturing sectors.

Schneeweiss[111],in his work gave a systematic overview as to the specific contribution each single science is providing in the areas like applied mathematics, operations research, economics and artificial intelligence. In supply chain, the identification of different classes of distributed decision making problems in such areas is of great importance. Particularly indicating possible synergies, it points to those distributed decision-making problems that prove to be of major relevance for supply chain management.