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Cornus species fruits are significantly rich in phenolic compounds, anthocyanins,

flavonoids, and ascorbic acid. Therefore, they could be considered as a valuable source of natural antioxidants. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of their extracts demonstrated elevated levels, but also great variations among species and genotypes. The presence of these natural antioxidants provide protection against harmful free-radicals and therefore against cancer and heart diseases.

In recent years, consumers have paid increasing attention to fruits with high antioxidant activity, such as elderberry, lingonberry, honeysuckle, medlar but also Cornelian cherries. Recently, a lot of studies have been published about the antioxidant activity of Cornus spp. fruits [Tural and Koca, 2008; Pantelidis et al., 2007; Popovic et al., 2012].

Due to the presence of different antioxidant compounds which may act through different mechanisms, no single method can be used to estimate the total antioxidant capacity of fruits extracts. Different antioxidant assays were used to assess the antioxidant activity, such as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), permanganate reducing antioxidant capacity (PRAC), 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, β-carotene bleaching assay, deoxyribose method.

Table 2. Some biological activities of Cornus spp. fruits

Cornus spp. Biological activity References

C. alternifolia Inhibition of lipid peroxidation Vareed et al., 2006

C. controversa Inhibition of lipid peroxidation as well as astringent and tonic effect

Vareed et al., 2006

C. kousa Inhibitory activity on tumor cell proliferation, lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX)

Vareed et al., 2006 Vareed et al., 2007 Lee et al., 2007b Anticarcinogenic activity Yan et al., 2002

Lee et al., 2007a Lee et al., 2008a Lee et al., 2008b Lee et al., 2010b Inhibitory activity against low density lipoprotein

(LDL) oxidation

Lee et al., 2007c Lee et al., 2010 Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-HIV

activity

Puppala et al., 2007 Lee et al., 2007b Inhibitory activity against human acyl-CoA:

cholesterol acyltransferaze

Lee et al., 2009 Inbititory of metastatic properties of tumor cells Lee et al., 2010a

C. mas Treatment of diarrhea and gastrointestinal disorders Celic et al., 2006 Amelioration of obesity and insulin resistance,

reduction of the body weight and decrease of the level of plasma cholesterol and liver lipids

Jayaprakasam et al., 2005 Jayaprakasam et al., 2006 Antigenotoxic activity Deng et al., 2013 Hepatoprotective activity Alavian et al., 2014 Diuretic effect Bijelic et al., 2011 Anti-inflammatory properties Yilmaz et al., 2009 Cardioprotective effects Eshaghi et al., 2012

Cornus spp. Biological activity References Antitumoral activity Nawa et al., 2007

Telang et al., 2012 Antiarrithmic, anti-shock, antineoplastic, anti-

inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic effects

Kang et al., 2007 Cao et al., 2009 Zhao et al., 2010 Antibacterial activity Wu et al., 2008 Hepato- and renoprotective activity on diabetes Yamabe et al., 2009

Park et al., 2010 Antiviral and antitumor activity; α-glucosidase

inhibitory effect

Kakiuchi et al., 1985 Myamoto et al., 1987 Omar et al., 2012 Prevention and therapy of diabetic nephropathy Xu and Hao, 2004

Yokozawa, 2008 Ma et al., 2014 Antibacterial, antifungal and antispasmodic activity Kang et al., 2007

Dinda et al., 2007b Wei et al., 2013 Jang et al., 2014 Amelioration of diabetic cardiomyopathy Qi et al., 2008

All investigated Cornelian cherry genotypes showed high antioxidant capacity evaluated by all mentioned antioxidant assays [Yilmaz et al., 2009; Popovic et al., 2012; Hassanpour et al., 2011].

The prooxidant activity was also assessed, Cornelian cherry fruits showing the lowest prooxidant activity among five investigated fruits [Pantelidis et al., 2007].

The ethanol extract of Cornus officinalis fruits acts as an efficient scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and protects human umbilical endothelial cells against peroxide induced apoptosis [Lee et al., 2006]. The Japanese cornel fruits extract have been reported to possess greater reducing power than vitamin E [Lim et al., 2011].

Table 2 summarizes the biological activity of some Cornus species fruits.

C

The phytochemical investigations of Cornus species revealed that their fruits are rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, iridoids, triterpenoids, fatty acids, ascorbic acid and minerals. For many years they have been used in traditional and folk medicine to treat diabetes, liver and kidney diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, fever, pain and many others. Modern pharmaceutical studies indicated that Cornus spp. fruits exhibit therapeutic effects on diabetes, cancer, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular disorders or obesity, especially due to their high antioxidant activity. They also have notable beneficial effects on hepatoprotection, hyperlipidemia, neuroprotection and inhibiton of bacteria and viruses.

Due to their demonstrated health beneficial activities, the food and pharmaceutical industry should show an increasing interest for the plants belonging to Cornus species, these plants could be cultivated as alternate crops to yield fruits with high nutritional and therapeutic value and used to manufacture supplements and drugs with preventive and therapeutic uses.

A

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Romania [project no. 147/2011 PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3-1-0914].

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