There are three fundamental elements to the AFM system, viz:
1) Machine - to accomplish and control media flow (6 8 ,6 9 ), (see
figure 14).
The basic components of all AFM machines are a hydraulic power unit, tw o vertically opposed chambers that contain the honing medium, hydraulic clamping cylinders, a support and head structure, and a control system. One of the chambers is held stationary in the machine base whilst the other, (in the head structure), moves vertically on guide rails. Each medium chamber contains a hydraulic ram to move the medium from one chamber to the other. The diameter and length of the medium chambers determines the machine's volumetric capacity. Every machine has adjustable controls to permit a wide range of applications inorder to meet specific finishing requirements. These adjustable parameters are i) the medium flow
pressure, ii) the medium flow rate, iii) a cycle counter, and iv) an optional medium displacement control.
2) Medium - To perform stock removal, surface improvement, and
deburring operations (7 0 ,7 1 ,72 ).
A honing medium is composed of a mixture of abrasive particles, the base polymer polyborosiloxane, and additives. The abrasive grit is held in the polyborosiloxane matrix such that a uniform dispersion is obtained throughout the medium. Polyborosiloxane conforms exactly to the part geometry insuring 100 percent contact on all surfaces that it flows through or over. Polyborosiloxane also has good cohesion and little tendency to adhesion. Therefore it tends to "fuse" to itself and remains as a coherent entity during machining. The size, type, and percentage of the abrasive grit coupled with the viscosity of the polymer employed determines the amount of surface improvement and stock removal attained. The AFM process utilises an abrasive chosen from silicon carbide, boron carbide, aluminium oxide, and diamond abrasive grits. Silicon carbide is the most widely used abrasive in the AFM process since it lasts longer and is cheaper than the alternatives. Aluminium oxide is also used in a variety of applications, since it performs well, but is used less frequently than silicon carbide on account of cost. Due to the high cost of both diamond and boron carbide they are only used to machine very hard materials such as tungsten carbide. Larger abrasive particle sizes tend to be employed to achieve aggressive stock removal and to attain the required radii on the components, whereas smaller abrasive sizes are used when surface improvements are required. To reduce the friction of the medium as it is extruded lubricants are added
to the base polymer. The type of lubricant used determines the effectiveness and the machining productivity of the medium (73).
Furthermore to alter the polyborosiloxane viscosity plasticisers or reducers may be added, the viscosity being determined by the ratio of polymer to dilutent. The media also "absorb" the stock removed, but up to ten percent by volume of stock removed is the maximum acceptable limit before the machining efficiency diminishes (74). During machining the abrasive grit wears by attrition or becomes dull. The efficiency of the media is therefore also dependent upon the initial batch quantity, quality, and the
aggressiveness of the work performed. It has also been reported (75) that the medium loses part of its effectiveness over time since the added lubricants are consumed during its use. The loss of lubricant affects the medium's consistency and its ability to maintain a uniform dispersion of abrasive grit.
3) Tooling - To confine both the component and medium, as well
as to direct the medium (76,77), see figure 15.
The tooling plays a critical role since a basic principle of the AFM process is that the greatest abrasion occurs where the medium velocity is high, i.e. at the greatest restriction in the flow path. The tooling fulfils many functions in the AFM process since it not only influences the positions where
abrasion occurs but also enables selective abrasion to be achieved, protects critical edges and surfaces, meters medium flow, and assists in
loading/unloading. The tooling geometry is dependent upon the component to be machined and its requirements. The majority of toolings are
contact surface must be strictly maintained nylon is employed to avoid damage from the abrasive grit during clamping. Some examples of tooling employed in production are given (78).
5 .2 The AFM Procedure (79,80)
The medium is loaded into the lower medium chamber followed by the clamping of the component and tooling in position between the tw o medium chambers. The media is then forced from one chamber into the other under hydraulic pressure. The medium viscosity temporarily rises during extrusion through any regions of restricted flow, such as burrs or restrictions induced by the tooling, causing the abrasive grit to become held rigidly by the polymer. The medium then acts as a multipoint-cutting tool transmitting the force applied by the machine to the component edges and/or surfaces which results in stock removal and surface improvement. "The amount of force transmitted to the abrasive grit in contact with the component depends upon the medium consistency and the pressure differential from one side of the grit particle to the other" (67). The higher the medium viscosity the greater the percentage of force transferred to the abrasive grit. However, not all the applied pressure is consumed in machining; a fraction of it is expended in internal shearing of the medium as well as in deformation of the medium to the form of the restricted flow path. After passing through the
restricted passage the medium viscosity returns to its original value. One extrusion cycle is completed when the medium is extruded from the lower medium chamber to the upper medium chamber and back again. Analogously, the process can be thought of as a flowable file, with capabilities ranging from a light buff to coarse stock removal (81).
Once the component has been machined any medium remaining must be removed. This is achieved by either air or vacuum which removes the vast majority but in the case of very complex components the medium is sacrificed by removal in a solvent wash or bath. The removal of medium need not be immediate since it does not dry-out.
The AFM process parameters are therefore dependent upon:
a) the medium extrusion pressure.
b) the abrasive grit type, size, and percentage. c) the medium viscosity.
d) the geometry of the tooling and component. e) the number of extrusion cycles.
f) the component material.
5.3 Surface Integrity Related to the AFM Process
The surface finish due to the use of the AFM process, achieved by the honing action of the abrasive grit on the high spots on the component surface, is parallel to the medium flow (termed uni-directional in the text below), "smear-free", and consists of very fine lines (8 2 ,8 3 ,84 ). This type of surface in certain situations is an intrinsic benefit to components such as extrusion dies, since the surface thus produced will produce a low co-efficient of friction and will therefore reduce surface friction.
Surface roughness values after utilising the AFM process have been documented (59,85) and it was found that much finer finishes are obtained with this process
in part due to the cushioning effect of the matrix holding the abrasive in suspension against the component being machined.
The better the starting finish the smaller the abrasive grit size employed since larger abrasive grits abrade at faster rates, while smaller grits provide finer finishes and accessibility to small orifices.