DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS DINÁMICAS PROPUESTAS
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS DINÁMICAS GRUPALES 1ra Dinámica: “El Semáforo”
Several infrastructure elements have been found to have a direct impact on the health of those
living in the neighbourhoods. As detailed below these include buildings, access to green space, and
transport.
10.1 Buildings and health
There is substantial evidence that the quality of people’s homes impacts upon their health. Cold is
believed to be the main factor underlying the extra deaths which occur in from December to March,
compared with the death rate for other months of the year. Research published in the Lancet
concluded that improvements in the efficiency of UK household energy use could, if implemented
correctly, have appreciable benefits for population health, mainly arising from improved indoor air
quality and control of winter indoor temperatures.187
Improvements in buildings have also been found to have wider benefits. A study in Scotland found
that improvements in housing condition can reduce the frequency of minor ailments such as coughs
and colds as well as reducing use of asthma inhalers amongst children and tranquilisers amongst
adults.188
10.2 Green infrastructure and health
An evidence review by SDC found that contact with natural spaces can improve both physical and
mental health directly and indirectly.189 Studies highlighted a range of benefits including a lower
Body Mass Index for children,190 positive impacts on blood pressure and cholesterol,191 better
resilience to stress,192 quicker patient recovery times,193 improved mental health,194 and decreased
levels of depression.195 A study by Mitchell & Popham also found that income‐related inequality in
health is less pronounced in populations with greater exposure to green space.196 This wide ranging
evidence on the health benefits of green infrastructure led the Royal Commission on Environmental
Pollution to conclude that ‘access to good quality green space provides an effective, population‐wide
strategy for the promotion of good health, wellbeing and quality of life.’197 There is also evidence
that producers of ‘home grown’ food can gain psychological and physiological benefits through
physical activity and improved nutrition, as well as through self empowerment, engaging with
nature, and participating in communal activities.198
10.3 Transport and health
Improving sustainable transport options will deliver health and economic benefits alongside carbon
reductions. This is achieved through improving road safety, decreasing air and noise pollution and
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Road safety
There are around 30,000 deaths or serious injuries from road accidents every year. These deaths are
disproportionally felt in deprived areas with child pedestrians from the most deprived areas four
times more likely to be killed or injured on the road than those from the least deprived areas.199
Reducing car speeds to under 20 miles per hour can be crucial in reducing the severity of injuries
from accidents.200 This can be achieved through either introduction of traffic calming measures
(which can include softer landscaping measures often used in home zones) and/or the introduction
of 20 mph speed limits in residential areas (as has been introduced in several cities in the UK
including Portsmouth). UK evaluation of 20mph zones showed them to be effective in reducing
traffic speed and accidents.201 Child pedestrian injuries fell by 70 per cent and child cyclist injuries by
48 per cent [37]. Research using American, Danish, Dutch and British data sets also found that
increasing the number of people walking and cycling actually helps to improve road safety.202
Reducing pollution
Transport causes additional health problems through air pollution. It is estimated that this
contributes to respiratory diseases and is estimated to reduce life expectancy by seven to eight
months.203 Several recent studies indicate that children living close to busy roads have an
approximate 50 per cent increased risk of experiencing respiratory illness including asthma.204 In
addition this is an increased health risk for those travelling inside vehicles. Several studies have
shown that occupants of vehicles can be exposed to internal air that is more polluted than that
outside. In an Amsterdam study, the exposure of cyclists travelling the same routes was always
lower than vehicle occupants.205 A review by the World Health Organisation cited an extensive list of
the adverse health effects of transport‐related air pollution in Europe. These included mortality,
asthma, rhinitis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes and lower
male fertility.206 They concluded that there needed to be immediate action not only to reduce
transport‐related pollution through technology and regulation but also to tackle the growth of
transport, expansion of urban areas and traffic congestion. Improvements to existing infrastructure
(such as those outlined above) will be required if we are to achieve this shift. Increased physical activity
The layout of towns and cities has been shown to achieve lower levels of car use through good
design for cycling, walking and public transport. The SDC literature review207 found numerous studies
showing evidence that residents of highly walkable neighbourhoods are more active and healthy
than those in less walkable neighbourhoods. Making areas car free (such as Vauban in Germany) or
blocking through‐routes to motorised transport can, however, change how people move around
these areas. There are also opportunities to reconnect areas through new cycle or pedestrian routes
or utilising vacant buildings to bring key services back into communities.
The evidence is so strong that it has led NICE to develop clinical guidance on the prevention,
identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children, which
called for local authorities to provide facilities and schemes such as cycling and walking routes, cycle
parking, area maps and safe play areas.208 Likewise SDC’s Every Child’s Future Matters209 called for
construction of designated cycle routes to include schools, and locating new schools on existing
routes, as well as provision of quality cycling facilities at all schools, to allow children to make
healthier, safer choices. The previous government’s strategy on childhood obesity also highlights the
role that the built environment, and particularly access to sustainable transport options, has on
children’s health. It calls for changes to be made to existing physical infrastructure in order to
promote healthy living. These include measures to promote active travel including traffic calming,
and building more cycle infrastructure.210
Research in Sandwell,211 an area of deprivation in the West Midlands, has highlighted inequalities in
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public transport systems. The research – undertaken by local authority, business and community
members – showed that small, local retailers struggle to compete and fail to sell affordable fresh
fruit and vegetables, in turn forcing residents to travel by car or limited public transport to out‐of‐
town shopping centres.
Retrofitting infrastructure can improve health through:
• Improving the quality of existing housing
• Improving access to and quality of green spaces
• Providing space for community allotments
• Retrofitting streets with traffic calming measures
• Promoting sustainable transport options