III. DESARROLLO DE LA PROPUESTA
3.2. Descripción de las fases
Limited data is available on the amount of flavonoids absorbed by human, however, studies conducted on animal models have shown that flavonoids bound to p-glycosides are non-absorbable, whereas only aglycones, without a sugar molecule can pass through the gut wall. It has been observed that only in the colon, hydrolysis of l3-glycosidic bonds occurs by micro-organisms which degrade dietary flavonoids. There are no reports of any enzymes capable of splitting the bond present or secreted into the gut. After absorption, flavonoids are metabolized primarily in liver [Hackett, 1986], nevertheless intestinal wall and kidney are considered as the secondary sites of metabolism.
Overall, the pharmacokinetics depends on the origin of flavonoids. It has been observed that flavonoids in citrus fruits, are poorly metabolized by the intestinal microflora. Quercetin is not absorbed in human and rutin is poorly absorbed, whereas procyanido lignanes are readily absorbed in mice. Flavonoids which are metabolized by intestinal bacteria are converted to hormone-like compounds.The microorganisms in the colon hydrolyze glucuronides and sulphates, which then most probably enable absorption of the liberated aglycones. Flavonoids, once absorbed, influence many biological functions, making them beneficial in a variety of human disorders [Di Carlo et al., 1999].
Conclusion
Metabolic disorders are an epidemic condition progressing rapidly in developing countries thus attracting concern. The main factor associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes or obesity is the oxidative stress involving surplus release of free radicals combined with a disturbed antioxidant status. Since, the metabolic disorders are either a consequence or an initiator of oxidative stress, therapeutic strategies aimed to counter them should be multifunctional, possessing both antioxidant and anti-diabetic/ anti-obesity activities. In recent times, bioactive principle based treatment approaches have gained greater significance because of their remarkable beneficial effects especially in their multifunctional activities.
Hence, therapeutic approaches using natural sources mainly from plants have increased.
Among the several phytoactive constituents, polyphenols are the front runners of antioxidant activity. Flavonoids, are naturally occurring phenolic compounds with a broad range of biological activities such as anti-hyperglycemic, activators of insulin signaling and inhibition of intestinal α -glucosidase enzyme, aldose reductase activity, lipid peroxidation and glycation. As these bioflavonoids are multifunctional (antioxidant and anti-diabetic/anti-obesity) and represent an unparalleled source of molecular diversity, their therapeutic role as drug candidates for the treatment of metabolic disorders could be defined in relation to the drug discovery process.
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