Descripción de grupo de estudio – Estudiantes de pregrado

 Clear effects of compost application are expected in sandy soils and soils with low organic matter content. This can be attributed to changes in soil structure and microbiological activity owing to the increase of biological available organic matter, and increase in plant nutrients.

 The effect of compost is temporal. It lasts only for a certain period after the application.

 Amount and frequency of application is important. In soil, continuous additions of low to moderate amounts are recommended (10-20 t ha-1 _{per year). In plant-growing media, a}

single application of a high amount of compost that is low in EC is advised (20-30% (v:v).

 Microorganisms that colonize the compost in the maturation phase are very important for suppressive capacity of the compost18_{. Some biological agents commercially available were}

originally isolated from compost that showed capacity of increasing disease suppression.

 Inclusion of lignin-rich feedstock in the compost enhances its suppressive capacity. This type of material is not easily degradable and provides useful compounds to feed beneficial microorganisms in the maturation phase19_.

 Young compost is more effective in suppressing Pythium20_{, while mature compost is}

recommended against Rhizoctonia20_.

 Prolonged compost maturation may or may not reduce the compost capacity to suppress diseases21, 22

 The suppressive capacity of compost can be steered by adding selected specific antagonists during the maturation phase15, 18_{. Efficient strains of Trichoderma can be added to the}

SOIL + COMPOST

Effect on pathogen/nematode Effect on plant

Microbial antagonism

(antibiosis, predation

and hyperparasitism)

Stimulation of pathogen

germination in the

absence of plants (futile

germination)

Microbial competition

Accumulation of

fungistatic compounds

Induced resistance

Growth promotion

Nutrition

Kill pathogen Avoid pathogen germination or _{growth Increase plant resistance}

Fusarium spp. Verticillium dahliae Meloidogyne javanica Fusarium spp. Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp. Fusarium spp. Meloidogyne hapla Pratylenchus penetrans Foliar diseases

Figure 6.4 Mechanisms of disease suppressiveness involved in compost application and examples of pathogens controlled by these mechanisms.

6.5

Important considerations

• Clear effects of compost application are expected in sandy soils and soils with low organic matter content. This can be attributed to changes in soil structure and microbiological activity owing to the increase of biological available organic matter, and increase in plant nutrients.

• The effect of compost is temporal. It lasts only for a certain period after the application.

• Amount and frequency of application is important. In soil, continuous additions of low to moderate amounts are recommended (10-20 t ha-1 _{per year). In plant-growing media, a single application of a high amount of}

compost that is low in EC is advised (20-30% (v:v).

• Microorganisms that colonize the compost in the maturation phase are very important for suppressive capacity of the compost21_{. Some biological agents commercially available were originally isolated from compost that}

showed capacity of increasing disease suppression.

• Inclusion of lignin-rich feedstock in the compost enhances its suppressive capacity. This type of material is not easily degradable and provides useful compounds to feed beneficial microorganisms in the maturation phase22_.

6.6

References

1. Baker KF, Cook RJ (1974).

Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. San Francisco: Freeman, 433 pp. 2. Alabouvette C (1999).

Fusarium wilt suppressive soils: an example of disease-suppressive soils. Australian Plant Pathology 28: 57-64.

3. Larkin RP, Hopkins DL, Martin FN (1996).

Suppression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon by non pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other microorganisms recovered from a disease- suppressive soil. Phytopathology 86: 812-819. 4. Wurff, A.W.G. van der; Slooten, M.A. van; Hamelink, R. ; Bohne, S. ; Wensveen, W. van (2011).

Soil suppressiveness towards Meloidogyne Verticillium or Pythium in greenhouse horticulture. In: 1 International Conference on Organic Greenhouse Horticulture. Acta Horticulturae 915, p. 141 - 149. 5. Schönfeld J, Gelsomino A, Overbeek LS, van Gorissen A, Smalla K, van Elsas JD (2003).

Effects of compost addition and simultaneous solarisation on the fate of Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2 and indigenous bacteria in soil. FEMS Microbial Ecology 43: 63-74.

6. Bonanomi G, Antignani V, Pane C, Scala F (2007).

Suppression of soilborne fungal diseases with organic amendments. Journal of Plant Pathology 89: 311- 324.

7. Termorshuizen, A.J., E. van Rijn, D.J. van der Gaag, Y. Chen, J. Lagerlöf, E.J. Paplomatas, B. Rämert, C. Steinberg, S. Zmora (2006)

Disease suppression of 18 composts against 7 pathogens. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 2461-2477. 8. Giotis C, Markelou E, Theodoropoulou A, Toufexi E, Hodson R, Shotton P, Shiel R, Cooper J, Leifert C (2009).

Effect of soil amendments and biological control agents (BCAs) on soil-borne root diseases caused by Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Verticillium albo-atrum in organic greenhouse tomato production systems. European Journal of Plant Pathology 123: 387-400.

9. Myers, D.F., R.N. Campbell (1985).Lime and the control of clubroot of Crucifers: Effect of pH, calcium, magnesium and their interactions. The American Phytopathological Society 75: 670-673.

10. Thoden TC, Korthals GW, Termorshuizen AJ (2011).

Organic amendments and their influence in plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes; a promising method for nematode management? Nematology 13: 133-153.

11. Yogev A, Raviv M, Kritzman G, Hadar Y, Cohen R, Kirshner B, Katan J (2009).

Suppression of bacterial canker of tomato by compost. Crop Protection 28: 97-103.

12. Schönfeld J, Gelsomino A, Overbeek LS, van Gorissen A, Smalla K, van Elsas JD (2003). Effects of compost addition and simultaneous solarisation on the fate of Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2 and indigenous bacteria in soil. FEMS Microbial Ecology 43: 63-74.

13. Yogev A, Raviv M, Hadar Y, Cohen R, Wolf S, Gil L, Katan J (2010).

Induced resistance of compost suppressiveness. Biological Control 54: 46-51. 14. Aldahmani JH, Abbasi PA, Sahin F, Hoitink HAJ, Miller SA (2005).

Reduction of bacterial leaf spot severity on radish, lettuce and tomato plants grown in compost-amended potting mixes. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 27: 186-93.

15. Noble R (2011).

Risks and benefits of soil amendment with composts in relation to plant pathogens. Australasian Plant Pathology 40: 157-167.

16. Oka Y (2010).

Mechanisms of nematode suppression by organic soil amendments-a review. Applied Soil Ecology 44: 101-115.

17. Pane, C. Chiantese, C. Scala, F. Bonanomi, G. (2013).

Assessment of gardening growing media suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia damping-off disease. Journal of plant pathology 95(2): 401-405.

18. Huber DM, Thompson IA (2007).

Nitrogen en Plant Disease. In: Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases. Datnoff LE, Elmer WH, Huber DM (eds). APS, St. Paul, Minnesota U.S.A.

19. Van der Wurff, AWG, J. Janse, C.J. Kok, F.C. Zoon (2010).

Biological control of root knot nematodes in organic vegetable and flower greenhouse cultivation. State of Science - Report of a study over the period 2005 – 2010. Wageningen UR report 321, Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands.

20. Larkin RP, Hopkins DL, Martin FN (1996). Suppression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon by non

pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other microorganisms recovered from a disease-suppressive soil. Phytopathology 86: 812-819.

21. Hoitink HAJ, Stone AG, Han DY (1997).

Suppression of plant diseases by composts. HortScience 32: 184-187. 22. Hoitink, H.A.J. (2004).

Disease suppression with compost: history, principles and future. In: I International Conference Soil and Compost Eco-biology Sept. 15th-17th 2004, León, Spain.

23. Borrero, C. Castillo, S. Casanova, E. Segarra, G. Trillas, M. I. Castano, R. Aviles, M. (2013).

Capacity of composts made from agriculture industry residues to suppress different plant diseases. Acta Horticulturae 1013: 459-463.

24. Zmora-Nahum S., Danon M., Hadar T., Chen Y. (2008).

Compost curing reduces suppression of plant diseases. Compost Sci. Util. 16: 250-256. 25. Saadi, I., Laor, Y., Medina, Sh., Krasnovsky, A. and Raviv, M. (2010).

Compost suppressiveness against Fusarium oxysporum was not reduced after one-year storage under various moisture and temperature conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 626- 634.

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Compost vs. Digestate