Capítulo 3: Validación de la solución propuesta
3.3 Descripción de los test de Unidad
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Rate yourself in each of the categories below. Enter the numbers on the lines below. Be as honest as possible so you will know what areas need work. Then calculate the average of the four numbers to determine your final score. It is difficult to score yourself objectively, so you may wish to ask a respected friend or teacher to assess your essays for a more accurate reflection of their strengths and weaknesses. On the AP test itself, a reader will rate your essays on a scale of 0 to 9, with 9 being the highest.
Each category is rated 9 (high) to 0 (incompetent).
ESSAY 2
Divide by 4 for final score.
ESSAY 2
Divide by 4 for final score.
ESSAY 3
Divide by 4 for final score.
ESSAY 3
Divide by 4 for final score.
ESSAY 4
Divide by 4 for final score.
ESSAY 4
Divide by 4 for final score.
ESSAY 5
Divide by 4 for final score.
ESSAY 5
Divide by 4 for final score.
. . . . ...
Chapter 6: Writing the Free Response Essays 111
SUMMING IT UP
• The free response section is the final part of the AP test. Like the DBQs, the free response essays are scored on a scale of 0 to 9.
• All of the information for the essays must come from your knowledge and understanding of U.S. history. There are no documents to analyze or to stimulate your thinking. Most of the free response essays allow you to include a good deal of description.
• Create a thesis that shows you understand the concept in the question. Then support your main idea with examples, facts, and details.
• If you use a historical term, title, or name, be sure to define it.
• Identify and stress differences or similarities with specific examples.
• Look for and write about evidence that substantiates your opinion.
P . . . . ART IV
AP U.S. HISTORY REVIEW
. . . .
CHAPTER 7 Reviewing the Colonical Period to 1789
CHAPTER 8 The Constitution and Important Supreme Court Cases
CHAPTER 9 Reviewing the New Nation to Mid-Century
CHAPTER 10 Reviewing the Events Leading to the Civil War and
Its Aftermath
CHAPTER 11 Becoming an Urban and Industrial World Power CHAPTER 12 Reviewing the Twentieth
Century: 1915 to the Present
Reviewing the Colonial Period to 1789
OVERVIEW
• Discovery, settlement, and expansion, 1492–1754
• Colonial society around 1750
• The move to independence, 1754–1776
• The American Revolution, 1775–1783
• Drafting the Constitution
• Summing it up
The following review of European exploration and colonization, the expansion of the thirteen original English colonies, the movement toward independence, and the beginning of the new nation is meant as a tool to supplement your regular AP course. This review is based on the College Board’s own AP history guide and focuses on political, economic, and social and cultural develop-ments. The College Board’s Guide for an AP United States History course lists six major topics, including the writing of the Constitution, for the period from exploration through 1789. According to the College Board, approximately one sixth (16 percent) of the multiple-choice questions are drawn from this period.
It is also possible that the DBQ or a free response essay question could be based on some aspect of exploration, colonization, or the break from Great Britain.
DISCOVERY, SETTLEMENT, AND EXPANSION, 1492–1754
The study of American history is the study of the intertwining of many different strands of historical development. A point at which to begin is Europe in the sixteenth century. The rise of nation-states, religious upheavals, and economic developments led Europeans to seek riches, territories, and dominion outside Europe to bolster their power on the continent. In studying
. . . . chapter 7
American history, it is important to understand how and why these events interacted to create European colonies in the Americas. It is also possible to see in this early period the foundations of later developments in American history: not only political developments such as the beginnings of representative government but also social and cultural developments such as the subjugation of Native Americans and the institutionalization of slavery.
Fast Facts
• Experts estimate that when Columbus reached the Americas, some 1 to 2 million Native Americans lived north of Mexico in eight major culture areas in what is now the United States and Canada: Subartic, Northwest Coast, California, Great Gasin and Plateau, Plains, Southwest, Northeast Woodlands, and Southeast. Another 20 million lived in Mexico and 30 million in South America. The First Americans probably came across a land bridge now covered by the Bering Strait some 15,000 to 30,000 years ago.
Approximately 12,000 years ago, as the Ice Age animals disappeared, people turned to hunting smaller game, catching fish, and gathering plants. About 5,000 years ago, some peoples began to domesticate animals. With a stable food supply, groups established permanent settlements and the population increased. Specialization in arts and crafts resulted, and hierarchical organizations grew, often combining religious and secular power and a social structure. In some areas, monumental buildings were erected. The Native Americans who met the Europeans in the 1400s and 1500s had a wide range of cultures, dependent for the most part on the environment.
• The Spanish, French, and English handled their relations with Native Americans differently. With the establishment of the encomienda system, the Spanish in the Caribbean used the native people for forced labor. Many Native Americans died from smallpox and other European diseases and from brutal treatment. Bartolomé de Las Casas, a former conquistador turned priest, protested to the pope and Spanish king. In time, the encomienda system was ended, and enslaved Africans replaced the already dwindling native populations on the Spanish sugar plantations of the Caribbean. On the mainland in New Spain, the Spanish, supported by their military, set up missions and forced Native Americans to (1) give up their cultures, (2) wear European-style clothing, (3) learn Spanish, (4) convert to Christianity, and (5) labor for the priests.
• Because they had little military support, the French did not establish missions. Unarmed French missionaries went among Native Americans to preach and convert them and were often tortured and killed for their efforts. The English treatment of Native Americans varied from colony to colony but often began with good relations, as with the Pilgrims and Wampanoags and William Penn and the Delaware or Leni-Lenape. As more settlers moved to the colonies and encroached on Native American lands, fighting erupted between colonists and Native Americans, with Native Americans always losing.
NOTE
These “Fast Facts”
relate to Native Americans.
KEY EXPLORERS AND THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS
DATE EXPLORER COUNTRY ACHIEVEMENT
1487–1488 Diaz Portugal Sails around southern tip of Africa 1492–1504 Columbus Spain First European to explore the Western
Hemisphere; explores the West Indies and the Caribbean
1497–1498 da Gama Portugal Sails around Africa to India 1497–1501(?) Cabot England Explores Newfoundland and
Nova Scotia
1499 Vespucci Spain Explores coast of South America
1500 Cabral Portugal Explores Brazil
1508–1509 1513
Ponce de Leon Spain Explores Puerto Rico Explores Florida
1516–1520 de Soto Spain Explores Central America
1519 Magellan Spain Circumnavigates the globe
1519 Cortés Spain Explores Mexico; conquers the Aztecs 1524 Verrazano France Explores northeastern coast of
North America
1531 Pizarro Spain Explores Peru; conquers the Incas 1534–1542 Cartier France Explores St. Lawrence River 1539–1542 de Soto Spain Explores lower Mississippi River 1540–1542 Coronado Spain Explores southwestern U.S.
1542–1543 Cabrillo Spain Explores western coast of North America
1603–1615 Champlain France Explores St. Lawrence River valley Founds Quebec
1609 Hudson Netherlands Explores east coast of North America, including Hudson River
1610–1611 Hudson England Explores Hudson Bay
1673 Marquette/Joliet France Explores Mississippi River
1679–1682 La Salle France Explores Great Lakes region; reaches mouth of the Mississippi River
. . . . ...
Chapter 7: Reviewing the Colonial Period to 1789 117
• Several factors spurred European interest in exploration: (1) The Crusades of the eleventh and twelfth centuries had interested Europeans in trade with Asia for luxury goods, such as spices, sugar, and silk. (2) European merchants, especially in trading cities such as Genoa and Venice and the Hanseatic League, a confederation of cities on the North and Baltic Seas, wanted new trade routes to Asia to cut out Middle Eastern middlemen. (3) Technological advances, such as the astrolabe and compass, made it possible for sailors to try new and dangerous water routes. (4) The rise of nation-states encouraged economic development and also rivalry among European nations for new territories and new wealth. (5) The Renaissance engendered a sense of curiosity and adventure among Europeans.
• Spanish settlement in the Americas began in the Caribbean and moved north into what is now the United States and west and south into Central and South America. Between 1492 and 1800, Spain had conquered and colonized large sections of Central and South America and set up settlements in what are today California, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida. The oldest permanent European settlement in the United States is St. Augustine, Florida. Settlements often began as a mission or a mission and presidio, a fort, with towns being established at a later stage of development. New Spain was divided into viceroyalties governed by viceroys appointed by the monarch.
• Long-term Spanish influences include (1) the use of Spanish as the dominant language in Central and South America; (2) the introduction of Roman Catholicism to Native Americans; (3) the subjugation and killing of Native Americans and taking of their lands and wealth; (4) the introduction of European crops, livestock, iron products, and firearms into native cultures; and (5) the introduction of Native American crops into Europe.
• The French did not attempt colonization until the early 1600s. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in what is today Canada, but its northern climate attracted few colonists. By 1680, the French had established a line of settlements from Canada and the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Unlike the Spanish, the French had not found gold but had found an abundant source of furs for export. Only about 10,000 settlers had come to New France by 1680 because (1) the colonies were not as rich as the sugar island colonies of the French, (2) most French monarchs were more interested in securing their power in Europe than in establishing American colonies, and (3) Huguenots, religious dissidents, were not allowed to emigrate. Government was by a council appointed by the king, similar to the government of New Spain. In 1608, the French under Champlain had joined the Algonquins and Hurons in a fight against the Iroquois. The hatred of the French that this battle engendered among the Iroquois had significant consequences for later British colonists.
NOTE
This “Fast Fact”
relates to European exploration.
NOTE
These “Fast Facts”
relate to the Spanish in the Americas.
NOTE
This “Fast Fact”
relates to the French in North America.
• The first permanent English settlement was Jamestown, founded in 1607 by Captain John Smith. The Virginia Company had received a charter from James I granting it the right to settle the area from the lost colony of Roanoke, off the coast of what is today North Carolina, to the Potomac River. The charter also granted the colonists the same rights as English citizens. In order for the colonists to survive in the beginning, Smith established work rules and traded for food with nearby Native Americans, most notably Powhatan, the leader of the Powhatan Confederacy, whose daughter, Pocohantas, in time married John Rolfe. It was Rolfe who was responsible for establishing tobacco as a major cash crop for the Virginians. In 1619, the first Africans were brought to the colony, as were the first white women.
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Colony Date Founded by Reasons Importance
Plymouth 1620 Pilgrims Religious freedom Mayflower Compact Massachusetts
Connecticut 1636 Thomas Hooker Expansion of trade, religious, Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams,
buys land from
Chapter 7: Reviewing the Colonial Period to 1789 119
• The political significance of the Virginia Colony is in its establishment of the House of Burgesses in 1619. This was the first representative government in an English colony. Male colonists elected burgesses, or representatives, to consult with the governor’s council in making laws for the colony. Prior to 1670, colonists did not have to own property in order to vote. In that year, the franchise was limited to free, male property owners. In 1624, James I withdrew the charter from the Virginia Company and made Virginia a royal colony but allowed the House of Burgesses to continue.
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES
MIDDLE COLONIES
Colony Date Founded by Reasons Importance
New
New York 1664 Royal charter from Charles II to
Delaware 1638 Swedish settlers Trade
1664 Seized by English Take land from rival
New Jersey 1664 Lord Berkeley, Sir George Carteret,
• The Pilgrims, persecuted for their refusal to conform to the Church of England, received a charter from the London Company for land south of the Hudson River, but their ship was blown off course to the area that is today Cape Cod. Before landing in 1620, they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, the first document in the English colonies establishing self-government. Like the colonists at Jamestown, the Pilgrims relied initially on help from the local Native Americans. In time, the colonists became farmers and timber exporters, but few new colonists joined them and, in 1691, Plymouth Colony joined with the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Colony Date Founded by Reasons Importance
Jamestown 1607 Virginia
Maryland 1632 Land grant from Charles I to Lord
The Carolinas 1663 Land grant from Charles II to North Carolina 1712 Proprietors sold
their rights to the
Chapter 7: Reviewing the Colonial Period to 1789 121
• Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded in 1629 by the Puritans under a charter from King Charles I. They, too, were seeking religious freedom, but, unlike the Pilgrims, they did not wish to separate from the Church of England but to “purify” it of practices they believed were too close to those of the Roman Catholic Church. With their charter, they set up the Massachusetts Bay Company and used it to establish a colony that would be a commonwealth based on the Bible. In the beginning, laws were passed by the General Court made up of freemen, those few male colonists who owned stock in the Massachu-setts Bay Company. Very quickly, colonists rebelled, and in 1631, the leaders admitted to the General Court any Puritan man in good standing. As the colony continued to grow, the number became unwieldy, and the law was changed so that freemen in each town in the colony elected two representatives to the General Court. Like Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay had established a representative form of government—though limited in scope.
• Except for Pennsylvania, which had a unicameral legislature, the colonies had bicameral legislatures modeled on the upper and lower houses of Parliament. The upper chambers were made up of the governor, his advisers, and councillors appointed at the suggestion of the governor by the monarch or proprietor, depending on the kind of colony. In Rhode Island and Connecticut, the upper house was elected by the colonists, and in Massachusetts, the upper house was elected by the lower house. The lower houses were elected by the colonists, supposedly every two years, but some governors, such as Berkeley in Virginia, refused to call elections for years. This is why the power of the purse had become important. The legislatures had developed the right to levy taxes and pay the salaries of governors. By threatening to withhold his salary, the legislature could pass laws over a governor’s objections.
• Voting requirements changed as the colonies grew. Originally, only Puritans could vote in Massachusetts Bay, and in royal colonies, only Anglicans. Catholics, Jews, Baptists, and Quakers were restricted from voting in certain colonies, and no colony allowed women, Native Americans, and slaves to vote. In all colonies, white males had to own land in order to vote. Over time, this changed so that men could own property other than land or pay a tax to be eligible to vote.
• In 1686, following his accession to the throne as James II, the former Duke of York com-bined New York, New Jersey, and the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England with the intention of ending the region’s illegal trading activities. Appointing Sir Edmund Andros as governor, James abolished the colonial legislatures and allowed Andros to govern with unlimited powers. In 1688, the English, angered by James’s policies and his conversion to Catholicism, deposed him in the Glorious Revolution, installing William and Mary of Orange as monarchs. Andros was removed from office, and the charters were returned to the colonies along with their representative governments. An additional event of significance to the colonists was the drafting of an English Bill of Rights guaranteeing
NOTE
This “Fast Fact”
relates to Massachusetts Bay Colony.
NOTE
These “Fast Facts”
relate to colonial government.
NOTE
This “Fast Fact”
relates to the Dominion of New England.
• Slavery in the Americas began with the Spanish on their sugar islands in the Caribbean.
To replace Native Americans, the Spanish and later the English began to import Africans as slaves. In 1619, the first Africans to arrive in the colonies came off a Dutch ship at Jamestown and were treated as indentured servants. As it became more difficult to find the large number of workers needed for tobacco agriculture, the policy changed. In a court case in Jamestown in 1640, the indenture of an African was changed to servitude for life. In 1663, Maryland passed its first slave law. The plan for government for the Carolinas recognized Africans as slaves, and, therefore, as property. Slavery was legalized in Georgia when the colonists came to realize that they would make money only through plantation agriculture.
New York and New Jersey began as a single Dutch colony, and Africans were recognized as indentured servants. After the English seized and divided the colony, slavery was legalized.
However, the Northern colonies did not farm labor-intensive crops, such as tobacco, rice, and indigo, so there was little need for slaves. In the North, most slaves were household help.
• Estimates vary, but it is generally agreed that some 20 million Africans survived the Middle Passage of the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the colonies. They came from the West Coast of Africa, and most were sold in the Caribbean or South America. After being captured by fellow Africans and force-marched to the sea in chains for sale to Europeans, Africans were kept in slave factories—warehouses, offices, the living quarters of Europeans, and pens—until ships were available. The Africans were then marched on board in chains and kept below decks where an average of 13 to 20 percent of the human cargo died during a voyage. On arrival in the colonies, the Africans were sold, without regard to keeping families together.
• The English institutionalized slavery because (1) they needed labor and (2) they viewed Africans with their foreign languages and ways as less than human. The English had found neither Native Americans—who died from disease or who, as runaways, melted into the forests—nor white indentured servants—who worked only for a specified time or who, as runaways, could melt into the general population—a satisfactory workforce.
Key People
• Nathaniel Bacon, Bacon’s Rebellion, Sir William Berkeley, Virginia
• Nathaniel Bacon, Bacon’s Rebellion, Sir William Berkeley, Virginia