Desplazamientos en el interior de un medio continuo.

The history of the OSNZ describes an original influence of European ornithology tradition. Natural science and natural history academics constitute the society’s executive and accounts by OSNZ of their activities do not describe any consistent practice of informal or formal collaboration with hapū or direct interest in the study of indigenous methods of naming birds (B. Gill, 1990). The role of Checklist is to compile established nomenclature in current taxonomic practice for the easy identification of species for domestic and international ornithologists or bird enthusiasts (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010). The understanding gained from this description (see section 4.2) is that Checklist does not present the findings of research or introduce emerging research. Importantly, the summary introduction to indigenous methods of naming in Māori names identifies an absence of literature

indexing te reo Māori bird names with corresponding scientific names (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010). Māori Names is a list of 111 te reo Māori bird names for 356 species of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand. Māori names is the result of a collaborative effort of Dr. R. P. Scofield, Dr. G.K. Chambers and Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori (The Māori Language Commission). Dr. R. P. Scofield is Curator of Vertebrate Zoology at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch and was co-opted into the checklist committee in 2004. He is the main contributor for the checklist sections of Galliformes, Ciconiiformes and Appendix 2: Failed introductions of foreign New

Zealand birds. Dr. G.K. Chambers is from the School of Biological Sciences,

Victoria University, Wellington and main contributor to the Psittaciformes section and advisor to the committee on molecular biology and species concepts (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010). Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori was established under the Māori Language Act 1987 to establish orthographic conventions and standards for writing te reo Māori in te reo Māori and English language texts (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori, n.d.).

Introduction to Checklist (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010) refers to the inclusion of Māori names in association with alternative, competing and regional common names. This implies that there is no intersection with common and scientific nomenclature and no relationship between indigenous methods of naming, taxonomy and ornithology. The purpose of including Māori names as an appendix to Checklist (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010) is not clearly stated. The way in which Māori names is introduced, presented and referenced lends to an understanding that transparent correction of orthography and nomenclature is the impetus for including Māori names as an appendix to Checklist. This implied purpose is supported by the format of presentation of Māori names; a four column table. The first column lists bird species scientific names in alphabetical order. The second lists a singular preferred te reo Māori name with attention to correct orthography including the correct use of macrons. The third column lists corresponding te reo Māori names presented in text in the 1990 (3rd_{) edition of}

Checklist previously documented with occurrences of erroneous spelling and

omission of macrons. The fourth column lists the main reference material from which the current edition of te reo Māori names were sourced (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010).

In Māori names, correction of orthography is specifically presented in the table. The process of correcting orthography with the collaboration of Te Taura Whiri o

te Reo Māori, and the significance of this would have been relative to indigenous

methods of naming and mātauranga Māori as well as a an outcome of genuine engagement of OSNZ with mātauranga Māori and indigenous epistemology. None of this information is offered in the introduction to Māori names. Instead, a page of text preceding the tabulated list of scientific names and corresponding te reo Māori bird names outlines general conventions in indigenous methods of naming that are distinctly different from scientific taxonomy and offers explanations of why these are not incorporated in Māori names (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010). A description of general features of indigenous methods of naming native and introduced birds to Aotearoa New Zealand in the page of text in Māori names and the presentation of Māori names as an appendix to Checklist (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010), gives the impression that the referenced list of scientific names and corresponding te reo Māori bird names points to literature supporting the currency of te reo Māori bird names listed in the context of indigenous methods of naming. From an initial exploration of indigenous epistemology and indigenous methods of naming presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of this thesis, we could expect a list or index of te reo Māori bird names present a relationship between birds and the employment of bird names in the context of whakapapa. For instance, references focused on the practical application of mātauranga Māori about native and introduced birds to Aotearoa New Zealand as well as descriptions contained in hapū specific performing and graphic art material would point to literature associating te reo Māori bird names with geographic distribution, habitat, sound, appearance, behaviour, season and life stage. Review of references cited in Māori

Names (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010) in terms of indigenous methods of

naming as described above may provide details clarifying the role of mātauranga Māori in literature about te reo Māori bird names. Detailed review of reference material used to compile Māori names is presented here in terms of transmission of mātauranga Māori (see Chapter 2 and Chapter 3). As transparent correction of orthography and identification of te reo Māori names of birds with scientific

nomenclature is an implied aim of presenting Māori names in Checklist (Checklist Committee O.S.N.Z., 2010), these aspects will also be a focus of review.