DETERIORO DE LA CALIDAD DEL RECURSO HÍDRICO

In the next section, international TDD educational programmes will be discussed, followed by the South African TDD programmes.

2.8.1 International Three-Dimensional Design programmes

International educational programmes in TDD are incorporated at many universities globally. Specific industrial design educational programmes are offered at different schools (universities and colleges) situated across the USA (IDSA, 2016b; IDSA, 2016c). These schools are accredited with the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD). The accreditation indicates that there was compliance on the level of the programmes and standards. There are more than twenty colleges offering the programme in TDD in the USA (IDSA, 2016b; Study.com, 2016), for example, the University of Southern California (USC).

There are also several universities in the UK that offer the TDD programme, such as the Plymouth University, the University for the Creative Arts (UCA), and the University of Northumbria in Newcastle. Students need to be creative, according to university requirements, to enrol for the TDD programme at the University of Northumbria. The programme focuses on product and furniture design, and is cultural and environmental sensitive (Northumbria University Newcastle, 2016).

Europe has several well-established design programmes. For example, Austria has a programme in design and architecture at the New Design University, and Italy has a programme in product design – in Cagliari at the Istituto Europeo di Design (IED) (2017). Furthermore, several other industrial design programmes are offered in Europe, for example, the Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Industrial Design degree in the Netherlands at the Eindhoven University of Technology. Creativity is a prerequisite to enrol for the BSc industrial design programme in the Netherlands. “Ambient intelligence” is emphasised with the design of intelligent products, systems and services within a societal framework (Eindhoven University of Technology, 2016). Creativity is a prerequisite at most universities; however, it is

outside the scope of this study to determine how international universities test the creativity of potential students in industrial design programmes.

2.8.2 Industrial design education in South Africa

In the late 1980s, the SABS Design Institute realised the importance of design education and invited tertiary design schools to form a committee to further education in the design field. This committee transformed into the Design Education Forum of Southern Africa (DEFSA) in 1990 (SABS Design Institute, 2007:10; DEFSA, 2017). DEFSA became independent from the SABS Design Institute in 1999. These institutes complement each other as DEFSA incorporates education in design while the SABS Design Institute supports the development, creation and enhancement of practical designs.

In the tertiary education sector, the first tertiary diploma in South Africa to offer an industrial design programme was the School of Art in Johannesburg in 1963 (University of Johannesburg, 2017). The School of Art changed its name in 1979 to become the Technikon Witwatersrand (TWR) and to the University of Johannesburg (UJ) in 2005. The industrial design programme was phased out at UJ at the end of 2014. Industrial design is offered at the CPUT since 1988 and at the Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) since 2008 (Campbell, 2008:82). Industrial design is placed in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at CPUT and in the Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture (FADA) at UJ (CPUT, 2016a; UJ, 2016). Industrial design at TUT falls in the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment (TUT, 2016a). The programme in TDD is comparatively similar at the universities, although each of the three mentioned are placed in different faculties.

Table 2.1 presents the different subjects of the TDD programme at the two institutions (TUT and CPUT). Both institutions offer a business subject during all three years of study; namely at TUT in business management and at CPUT in business studies. All subjects reported in Table 2.1 are compulsory.

Table 2.1: Three-Dimensional Design programmes at TUT and CPUT

Level TUT CPUT

Programme Three-Dimensional Design Three-Dimensional Design

Duration Three years Three years

First year Business Management I Freehand Drawing History of Art and Design Industrial Design I First semester: Mechanical Engineering - Drawing Manufacturing I Second semester: Computer-Aided Design Engineering Design I Design Studies I Drawing for Design I Technology I

Business Studies I History of Art I

Second year Business Management II History of Industrial Design Industrial Design II Material Technology I Presentation Drawing First semester: Manufacturing II Second semester: Engineering Design II Product Design II Design Media II Technology II Business Studies II

History of Industrial Design II

Third year Business Management III Design Theory

Industrial Design III Material Technology II Multimedia Presentation First semester:

Ergonomics Manufacturing III

Product Design III Design Media III Technology III Business Studies III

History of Industrial Design III

Source: CPUT (2015:151); TUT (2016a:90); TUT (2016b); CPUT (2016a)

The TDD programme provides students with a holistic understanding of generating a product from an idea to a final product and peculiar to the needs of South Africa; for example, renewable energy solutions (Smit, 2010). Students at the two institutions (CPUT and TUT) are equipped to find solutions for problems in South Africa during their programmes. The TDD students’ projects are not only aimed at profitability, but to enhance the quality of life of citizens. Industrial design can make a difference in solving problems such as poverty relief and creating much needed jobs. The researcher asserts that industrial design does not only design

commercial products, but contributes also to rural communities by designing products to enhance their lives.

2.9 CONCLUSION

This chapter provided background information on industrial design. An overview was presented on the industrial designer, including industrial design features in business. Industrial design reduces poverty alleviation, and various examples in this regard were highlighted. Some design Councils and organisations were discussed, such as the WDO, previously the ICSID and the WIPO. An overview was also provided on industrial design in South Africa, and some international and national TDD educational programmes were highlighted. The value of design is realised by businesses in the UK, EU and the USA. Businesses are aware of the benefits to invest in design that translate into high net profits, turnover and exports. However, studies are not available in South Africa to measure the value of design to businesses and the economy.