Unfortunately, there are areas where JAR FCL differs from Annex 1.
As these notes are intended only to provide the references to pass the examinations, they must not be used as a reference for matters relating to your licence. In such cases, consult JAR FCL or your national Civil Aviation Authority. In the U.K., the U.K. CAA publishes LASORS as guidance.
JAR-FCL
JAR-FCL
JAR-FCL is published in four parts:
JAR-FCL 1 Aeroplanes JAR-FCL 2 Helicopters
JAR-FCL 3 Medical Requirements JAR-FCL 4 Flight Engineers
The LOs require knowledge of JAR-FCL 1 and JAR-FCL 3.
In addition to the general requirements, JAR-FCL 1 contains JARs for the licensing of:
Student pilots Private Pilots - PPL(A) Commercial pilots - CPL(A) Instrument Rating (Aeroplane) - IR(A) Class and Type Rating (Aeroplane)
Airline Transport Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) - ATPL (A) Instructor ratings
Examiners
Theoretical knowledge requirements for examinations(1)
Note 1:
Note 1: Because knowledge of the requirements for examinations is required by the LOs for 010 Air Law, the JAA FCL Committee have determined that the knowledge requirements for all subjects are examinable under subject 010 Air Law. For this reason, there are questions in the Air Law exam relating to Met, Mass and Balance, Communications etc.
Chapter 4 Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)
Annex 1 Annex 1
Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) have been established for licensing the following personnel:
Private pilot (aeroplane and helicopter) Commercial pilot (aeroplane and helicopter) Airline transport pilot (aeroplane and helicopter) Glider pilot
Balloon pilot Flight navigator Flight engineer
LICENSING REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATIONS LICENSING REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATIONS
Authority to Act as a Flight-crew Member Authority to Act as a Flight-crew Member
A person shall not act as a flight-crew member of an aircraft unless a valid licence is held.
ICAO ICAO
To be valid, the licence must have been issued by the State of Registry of that aircraft or by any other contracting state and rendered valid by the State of Registry.
JAR-FCL JAR-FCL
A person shall not act as a flight-crew member of a civil aeroplane registered in a JAA Member State unless that person holds a valid licence and rating complying with the requirements of JAR-FCL. The licence shall have been issued by:
A JAA Member State, or
Another ICAO Contracting State and rendered valid in accordance with JAR-FCL
Validity of Licence Validity of Licence
In order to exercise the privileges of the licence, the licence must remain valid by maintaining competency; maintaining necessary ratings; meeting recent experience requirements, and holding a valid medical assessment.
Period of Licence Issue Period of Licence Issue
Providing the requirements for a valid licence are maintained, a licence issued will remain in force for a period determined by the State of Licence Issue (ICAO).
JAR-FCL JAR-FCL
A licence holder shall not exercise the privileges granted by any licence or rating issued by a JAA Member State unless the holder maintains competency by meeting the relevant requirements of JAR-FCL. The validity of the licence is determined by the validity of the ratings contained therein and the medical certificate. The licence will be issued for a maximum period of 5 years. Within this period of 5 years the licence may be re-issued by the authority:
Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes) Chapter 4
Air Law 4-3
The licence holder must apply for the re-issue of the licence. This application must include all necessary documentation. Valid ratings will be transferred to a new licence document by the authority.
State of Licence Issue State of Licence Issue
An applicant shall demonstrate the satisfactory completion of all requirements for licence issue to the authority of the State under whose authority the training and testing for the licence were carried out. Following licence issue, this State shall thereafter be referred to as the “State of licence issue”. Further ratings may be obtained under JAR-FCL requirements in any JAA Member State and will be entered into the licence by the State of Licence issue.
Normal Residency Normal Residency
Normal residency means the place where a person usually lives for at least 185 days in each calendar year because of personal and occupational ties or, in the case of a person with no occupational ties, because of personal ties which show close links between that person and the place where they are living.
Exercising the Privileges of the Exercising the Privileges of the LicenceLicence
The holder of a licence or rating shall not exercise privileges other than those granted by that licence or rating.
Licences, Ratings, Authorisatio
Licences, Ratings, Authorisations, Approvals or ns, Approvals or Certificates Issued by JAA Certificates Issued by JAA Member StatesMember States Where a person, organization, or a service has been licenced, issued with a rating, authorisation, approval, or certificate by the authority of a JAA member state in accordance with the requirements of JAR-FCL and associated procedures, such licences, ratings, authorisations, approvals or certificates shall be accepted without formality by other JAA member states.
Licences Issued by Non-JAA States Licences Issued by Non-JAA States
A licence issued by a non-JAA State may be rendered valid for use on aircraft registered in a JAA member state, at the discretion of the authority of that JAA member state. Validation of a professional pilot’s licence shall not exceed one year from the date of validation, provided that the basic licence remains valid. Any further validation for use on aircraft registered in any JAA member state is subject to agreement by the JAA member states and to any conditions seen fit within the JAA. The user of a licence validated by a JAA member state shall comply with the requirements stated in JAR-FCL. If the validation of a non-JAA licence is revoked for any reason, the State of Licence Issue will be informed by the JAA state.
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENCE ISSUE PPL(A) SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENCE ISSUE PPL(A)
Minimum Age Minimum Age 17 Medical Fitness Medical Fitness Class 1 or Class 2
Privileges and Conditions Privileges and Conditions
Chapter 4 Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)
Experience and Experience and CreditingCrediting
An applicant must have completed 45 hours flight time as a pilot of aeroplanes. Five hours may have been completed in an FNPT or a flight simulator. Where an applicant is the holder of one of the following licences then 10% of their total flight time up to a maximum of 10 hours may be credited towards the issue of the PPL(A):
Helicopter Microlight helicopters Gyroplanes
Microlights with fixed wings and moveable aerodynamic control surfaces
Flight Instruction Flight Instruction
The applicant for a PPL(A) must have completed 25 hours dual instruction and 10 hours supervised solo, including 5 hours of cross-country flight time. One cross-country flight must be of at least 150 nm, and include full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the srcinal departure aerodrome. Where previous credit for PIC time is granted the dual instruction may be reduced to not less than 20 hours.
Commercial Pilot Licence Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) CPL(A)
(Aeroplane) CPL(A)
Airline Transport Licence Airline Transport Licence Aeroplane (ATPL) Aeroplane (ATPL) Minimum Age Minimum Age 18 21 Medical Medical Fitness Fitness
Class 1 medical certificate Class 1 medical certificate
Privileges Privileges and and Conditions Conditions
Subject to any other conditions specified in JARs, the privileges of the holder of a CPL(A) are to:
Exercise all the privileges of the holder of a PPL(A)
Act as PIC or co-pilot of any aeroplane engaged in operations other than commercial aviation Act as PIC in
commercial air transportation of any single pilot aeroplane Act as co-pilot in commercial air transportation
An applicant for a CPL(A) shall have fulfilled the requirements for the issue of at least a CPL(A) containing the class/type rating for the aeroplane type used on the skill test and, if an instrument rating course and test are
Subject to any other conditions specified in JARs, the privileges of the holder of a ATPL(A) are to:
Exercise all the privileges of the holder of a PPL(A), CPL(A) and an IR(A) Act as PIC or co-pilot in aeroplanes engaged in air transportation
An applicant for an ATPL(A) shall have fulfilled the requirements for the issue of an ATPL(A) containing a type rating for the aeroplane type used on the skill test
Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes) Chapter 4
Air Law 4-5
ATPL(A) EXPERIENCE ATPL(A) EXPERIENCE
An applicant for an ATPL(A) shall have completed as a pilot of aeroplanes at least 1500 hours of flight time. A maximum of 100 hours flight simulator time may be included in this figure. Specific qualifications required within the 1500 hours flight time are:
500 hours in multi-pilot operations on aeroplanes type certificated in accordance with JAR/FAR 25 (Transport Category) or JAR/FAR 23 (Commuter Category) or equivalent codes;
250 hours as PIC or at least 100 hours PIC and 150 hours as co-pilot performing under the supervision of the PIC the duties and functions of a PIC (the method of supervision must be acceptable to the authority);
200 hours cross country flight of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC or as co-pilotperforming under the supervision of the PIC the duties and functions of a PIC (the method of supervision must be acceptable to the authority);
75 hours instrument flight time of which not more than 30 hours may be instrument ground time; and
100 hours of night flight as PIC or co-pilot.
CREDIT TIME FOR ATPL: CREDIT TIME FOR ATPL:
Helicopter flight time will be credited up to 50% of the flight time requirements; and Flight engineers will be credited with up to 50% of the flight time to a maximum of 250
hours flight engineer time
CPL(A) EXPERIENCE CPL(A) EXPERIENCE
Integrated Course
Integrated Course 150 hours of flight time
Modular Course
Modular Course 200 hours of flight time
The applicant must have completed:
100 hours as PIC, 70 hours if completed during a course of integrated training;
20 hours of cross country flight time as PIC. This must include a cross-country flight of at least 300 nm during which include full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the srcinal departure aerodrome;
10 hours of instrument instruction time of which not more than 5 hours is to be instrument ground time; and
5 hours of night flight time.
CREDITING OF FLIGHT TIME CREDITING OF FLIGHT TIME
Unless otherwise specified, the following apply:
Pilot in Command or Under Instruction Pilot in Command or Under Instruction
Credited in full with all solo, dual instruction or pilot in command (PIC) flight time towards the total flight time required for the licence or rating;
An ATPL/CPL graduate of an integrated CPL/ATPL course is entitled to be credited with up to 50 hours student pilot in command (SPIC) instrument time towards the pilot in command time required for the issue of the ATPL, CPL and a multi engine type or class rating.
Chapter 4 Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)
Co-Pilot Co-Pilot
Credited in full with all co-pilot time towards the total flight time required for a higher grade of pilot licence;
The holder of a pilot licence when acting as co-pilot performing under the supervision of the PIC the functions and duties of a PIC shall be entitled to be credited in full with this flight time required for a higher grade of licence. The method of supervision must be approved by the authority.
INSTRUCTOR RATINGS INSTRUCTOR RATINGS
An instructor rating is valid for 3 years. To be allowed to begin a Flight Instructor (FI(A)) course the pilot must have 200 hours of flight time of which 100 hours must be PIC if the pilot is the
holder of an ATPL(A) or CPL(A); 150 hours PIC if the holder of a PPL(A) and be the holder of the knowledge requirements for CPL(A).
The following must also have been carried out:
Completed at least 30 hours on single engine piston aeroplanes of which 5 hours shall have been completed during the 6 months preceding the pre-flight entry flight test
Received at least 10 hours instrument instruction of which not more than 5 hours may be instrument ground time in an FNPT or flight simulator
Completed at least 20 hours of cross country as PIC including a flight totalling not less than 300 nm in the course of which full stop landings at two different aerodromes must have been made
Passed a pre-entry flight test
The minimum applicant age is 18 years old.
INSTRUCTOR RATINGS – PRIVILEGES AND REQUIREMENTS INSTRUCTOR RATINGS – PRIVILEGES AND REQUIREMENTS To Instruct for the Issue of a PPL
To Instruct for the Issue of a PPL
Completion of 15 hours on the relevant type in the preceding 12 months To Instruct for the Issue of a
To Instruct for the Issue of a CPLCPL
500 hours of flight time including at least 200 hours of flight instruction To Instruct for the Issue of an IR
To Instruct for the Issue of an IR
200 hours flight time in accordance with IFR, 50 hours of which may be instrument ground time and have completed an approved course of at least 5 hours of flight instruction in an aeroplane, flight simulator or FNPT II
EXAMINERS (AEROPLANE) EXAMINERS (AEROPLANE)
The following examiner roles are recognised:
Flight examiner (FE(A)) Type rating examiner (TRE(A)) Class rating examiner (CRE(A)) Instrument rating examiner (IRE(A))
Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes) Chapter 4
Air Law 4-7
Qualification Qualification
An applicant for authorisation as an examiner is to hold a licence and rating at least equal to the licence or rating for which they are applying to be authorised to examine.
Validity of Authorisation Validity of Authorisation
An examiner’s authorisation is valid for a period of not more than 3 years. Examiner’s authorisation is renewed at the discretion of the Authority.
FE(A) FE(A)
An FE(A) is permitted to conduct skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue of PPL(A) and CPL(A) licences provided he/she has not less than 2000 hours (1000 hours for PPL(A) only) flight experience including not less than 250 hours flight instruction.
CLASS AND TYPE RATINGS CLASS AND TYPE RATINGS
The holder of a licence is not permitted to act in any capacity as a pilot (except when undergoing skill testing or receiving flight instruction) unless he/she holds a valid class or type rating for the type or class of aircraft to be flown. Any rating issued may limit the holder to operating as co-pilot only, in which case, the rating will be annotated accordingly. Presently, there is no limit to the number of class/type ratings a pilot may hold at any one time, however, the need to remain current on each type/class will be limiting. JAR OPS suggests that a pilot should not hold more class/type ratings than he/she can maintain.
Type rating requires attendance at and successful completion of an approved type rating course. To successfully complete a TR course the candidate must pass an aircraft specific practical knowledge test that can be written, oral, or a combination of both. The flying practice element of a TR course may be flown in the specific type of aircraft or an approved flight simulator. Class and type ratings are valid for one year (JAR-FCL). ICAO does not set a validation period but leaves this to the individual contracting state to determine.
CLASS RATINGS CLASS RATINGS
Class ratings are established for single pilot aeroplanes not requiring a type rating as follows:
ICAO: ICAO:
Single engine land Single engine sea Multi engine land Multi engine sea
JAR-FCL: JAR-FCL:
All single engine piston aeroplanes (land and sea) All touring motor gliders
Each manufacturer of single engined turbo-prop aeroplanes (land and sea) All multi engined piston aeroplanes (land and sea)
Chapter 4 Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)
TYPE RATINGS TYPE RATINGS
Other than those aeroplanes included in the class ratings above, the following aeroplanes require type ratings:
Each type of multi-pilot aeroplane
Each type of single pilot multi engine aeroplane fitted with turbo prop or turbojet engines Each type of single pilot single engine aeroplane fitted with a turbojet engine
Any other type of aeroplane the authority considers necessary
REVALIDATION OF TYPE/CLASS RATINGS REVALIDATION OF TYPE/CLASS RATINGS
Type ratings and multi engine class ratings are revalidated by successful completion of skill tests or proficiency checks, which may be carried out in a flight simulator. If a type rating has expired, refresher training may be required prior to the pilot taking a re-validating test.
ICAO ICAO
Annex 6 (Operation of Aircraft) requires a pilot to demonstrate competency at two skill tests during any 12 month period with the proviso that the period between the tests is not less than 4 months.
JAR-FCL JAR-FCL
Requires the pilot to pass a proficiency check once in every period of 12 months. The revalidation check taken is not more than 3 months before the expiry of the current rating. The new period of validation begins at the date of expiry of the old period. JAR-FCL also requires the pilot fly at least 10 sectors as pilot of the relevant type of aircraft, or one sector as pilot of the relevant type of aircraft with an examiner, during the period of the rating.
Note:
Note: It is usual to revalidate the type rating at the same time as the renewal of the IR(A).
INSTRUMENT RATING (IR(A)) INSTRUMENT RATING (IR(A))
In order to fly an aircraft under IFR, a pilot requires a valid instrument rating (IR). JAR-FCL generally requires a pilot to hold a valid IR for any flight under IFR but accepts national variations in law.
Privileges Privileges
To pilot a multi- or single-engined aeroplane under IFR to a minimum decision height of 200 ft.
Experience Experience
The pilot must hold a PPL(A) with a night qualification or a CPL(A) and have completed at least 50 hours of cross country flight time as PIC in aeroplanes or helicopters of which at least 10 hours shall be in aeroplanes.
Application to ATPL(A) Application to ATPL(A)
An instrument rating is an integral part of an ATPL (A), and a separate rating added to a CPL(A) to give the holder a CPL/IR. Without a valid IR the holder of an ATPL(A) is only permitted to exercise the privileges of a CPL licence.
Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes) Chapter 4
Air Law 4-9
Rating and Re-validation Rating and Re-validation
An IR(A) is gained by successful completion of an instrument rating test (IRT) carried out by an approved Instrument Rating Examiner (IRE). The IRT may be carried out in an approved flight simulator. An IR(A) is valid for a period of 1 year. Revalidation is achieved by successful completion of another full IRT conducted by an IRE. No period of extension is permitted for an IR(A). The revalidation IRT may be carried out during the last 3 months of validity of the current IR. If successful, the new IR will be valid from the srcinal date of expiry of the previous IR. If unsuccessful, the current IR is then invalid and the pilot is not permitted to exercise the privileges of the IR until successful completion of another IRT. In the latter case, the period of validity of the new IR will be from the date of successful completion of the IRT.
RECENT EXPERIENCE RECENT EXPERIENCE
A pilot shall not operate an aeroplane carrying passengers as the pilot in command or co-pilot unless he has carried out:
At least 3 take-offs and 3 landings as pilot flying in the same type/class or flight simulator in the preceding 90 days, and
If the flight is at night, and the holder does not hold a valid Instrument Rating, one of the