7. Descripción del prototipo de la Herramienta de Entendimiento de Programas
7.2. Diagrama de Clases
Through conducting this program, the author realized Chinese immigrant mothers had high stress about language barriers, culture adapting, self-identity, life style changes and so on, while also realizing how little support had been given to this group, making them feel isolated from society. Although the author’s program could play a role in benefiting these mothers, there were still many communities that lack this kind of social support, and thus resulting in some mothers coming from other locations other than from University City, such as the suburbs. The high turnover rate of the participating mothers could benefit from a long-term program. In the meantime, cultivating this group’s autonomy was also important, because this program should not belong to the therapist, but rather to the community. Each participating mother could be the initiator and facilitator of a program like this. Throughout the program, movements were used to provide non-verbal support and let the mothers realize their strengths, build confidence, find companionship, share resources and thus stimulate more mutual aid among the community.
In little over one year since developing this program, the author found that the intent to change the status quo of this groups being neglected in the broader society, more social awareness must be raised. This group of immigrant mothers exists as if they were invisible to the public, but they still contribute to the community in many ways, as well as participate in everyday life. They walk on the same streets, shop in the same stores, and
watch over their children while they play in the same parks like everyone else. These mothers’ devotion to their families does not fall short against any U.S. standards, and they are truly living in this society and affecting each aspect of the community just like everyone else. To improve the social awareness of this immigrant population will be a long-term process, that in part requires these immigrant mothers to voice out their own needs, as well as the society to actively invest their interest.
Another reason for the neglection of these immigrant populations and the lack of service provided to them was the shortage of professionals to service this group. There are limited bilingual or multi-lingual professional therapists and counselors that specialize in mental health out there, and even if they do serve some communities, opportunities to participate were scarce, and in the end, not many groups in need were helped. At the same time, the local U.S. natives also would choose not to prioritize these immigrant populations. Therefore, another crucial factor is that creating a platform to facilitate more career opportunities and connect more therapists and counselors with these immigrant populations in need of service.
There is a magnificent need for the support for Chinese immigrant first-time mothers. Although the author shared a similar cultural background with these mothers, it is imperative for the therapist, especially if he or she is from another cultural group, to emphasize cultural sensitivity when establishing a connection with this group. Regardless of which background the therapist came from, as long as she or he possesses
multicultural awareness, they could always improve the awareness of the culture difference and bias. Also, one must realize that this is not a clinical population, even though the DMT perspective had been adapted well by the Chinese immigrant mothers.
After two years of training as a dance/movement therapist, the author was able to not only have the empathy with these mothers due to her similar experience, but also to use herself as a tool to build the therapeutic relationship and help these mothers to decrease stress, isolation and improve self-expression through using their own bodies. Her professional counseling and observation skills allowed her to guide the pace of development of the activities and the discussion topics through observing the group dynamics. DMT methods were used to increase group synchrony, creating group cohesion to reduce isolation, increase group support, and help these mothers improve their willingness to be a part of the community and form a supportive relationship. Through using the development of theme and body actions to help with motivating self- expression and individualism, these mothers displayed tolerance to diversity despite coming from rather a conservative land, China.
DMT is a theory and practice which can provide a non-verbal, movement-based approach to support these women as understanding their needs, release stress, decrease isolation, and building a supportive community. It is a universal application under different culture because it focuses on the experience and process of being a person.
References
Abbott, K. A. (1970). Harmony and individualism. Taipei: The Orient Culture Service. American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) (2016). What is dance/movement
therapy? Retrieved 2017, from https://adta.org/faqs/
Ahmed, A., Stewart, D. E., Teng, L., Wahoush, O., & Gagnon, A. J. (2008). Experiences of immigrant new mothers with symptoms of depression. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 11(4), 295.
Bloomfield, L., Kendall, S., Applin, L., Dearnley, K., Edwards, L., Hinshelwood, L., ... & Newcombe, T. (2005). A qualitative study exploring the experiences and views of mothers, health visitors and family support center workers on the challenges and difficulties of parenting. Health & Social Care in the Community, 13(1), 46-55. Babor, E. R. (2012). Confucius on virtues: Paradigm of social and moral order. IAMURE
International Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Religion, 1(1), 1-14.
Boal, A. (2002). Games for actors and non-actors. [PDF document]. Retrieved from https://demos.be/sites/default/files/games-for-actors-and-non-actors.augusto- boal.pdf.
Bojner-Horwitz, E., Theorell, T., & Anderberg, U. M. (2003). Dance/movement therapy and changes in stress-related hormones: A study of fibromyalgia patients with video-interpretation. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 30(5), 255-264.
doi:10.1016/j.aip.2003.07.001
Bräuninger, I. (2012). Dance movement therapy group intervention in stress treatment: A randomized controlled trial (RCT). The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(5), 443-450. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2012.07.002
Brennan, M. (2017, April 25). 2017 WeChat User Behavior Report. Retrieved from https://chinachannel.co/1017-wechat-report-users/
Brooks, D., & Stark, A. (1989). The effect of dance/movement therapy on affect: A pilot study. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 11(2), 101-112.
doi:10.1007/BF00843774
Buki, L. P., Ma, T. C., Strom, R. D., & Strom, S. K. (2003). Chinese immigrant mothers of adolescents: Self-perceptions of acculturation effects on parenting. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9(2), 127-140. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.9.2.127
Cialdini, R. B. (1987). Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. (Vol. 3). Port Harcourt: A. Michel.
Cooper, L., & Thomas, H. (2002). Growing old gracefully: social dance in the third age. Ageing & Society, 22(6), 689-708.
Chaiklin, S. & Schmais, C. (1993a). The Chace approach to dance/movement therapy. In S.L. Sandel, S. Chaiklin, and A. Lohn, (Eds.). Foundations of D/MT: The life and work of Marian Chace (pp.75- 97). Columbia, MD: American Dance Therapy Association.
Chaiklin, S. & Schmais, C. (1993b). The process of empathic reflection in
dance/movement therapy. In S.L. Sandel, S. Chaiklin, & A. Lohn, A. (Eds.), Foundations of D/MT: The life and Work of Marian Chace, (pp. 98-111). Columbia, MD: American Dance Therapy Association.
Chan, S. W. C., Levy, V., Chung, T. K., & Lee, D. (2002). A qualitative study of the experiences of a group of Hong Kong Chinese women diagnosed with postnatal depression. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(6), 571-579. doi: 10.1046/j.1365- 2648.2002.02326.x
Chan, S., & Levy, V. (2004). Postnatal depression: A qualitative study of the experiences of a group of Hong Kong Chinese women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 13(1), 120- 123. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00882.x
Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111-1119.
Chao, R. K. (2000). The parenting of immigrant Chinese and European American mothers: Relations between parenting styles, socialization goals, and parental practices. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(2), 233-248. Chao, R. K. (2001). Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for
Chinese Americans and European Americans. Child Development, 72(6), 1832- 1843. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00381
Cheah, C. S., Leung, C. Y., & Zhou, N. (2013). Understanding “tiger parenting” through the perceptions of Chinese immigrant mothers: Can Chinese and US parenting coexist? Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 30.
Chen, C., & Uttal, D. H. (1988). Cultural values, parents’ beliefs, and children’s
achievement in the United States and China. Human Development, 31(6), 351-358. Chen, X. (1985). The one-child population policy, modernization, and the extended
Cheng, H. (2012). “A wobbly bed still stands on three legs”: On Chinese immigrant women’s experiences with ethnic community. Women & Language, 36(1), 7-25. Chishti, M., & Hipsman, F. (2015). In Historic Shift, New Migration Flows from Mexico
Fall Below Those from China and India. Migration Information Source. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/historic-shift-new-migration-flows- mexico-fall-below-those-china-and-india
Choenarom, C., Williams, R. A., & Hagerty, B. M. (2005). The role of sense of belonging and social support on stress and depression in individuals with depression. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 19(1), 18-29.
Chu, C. M. (2005). Postnatal experience and health needs of Chinese migrant women in Brisbane, Australia,. Ethnicity & Health, 10(1), 33-56.
doi:10.1080/1355785052000323029
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-314.
Coulter, H., & Loughlin, E. (1999). Synergy of verbal and non-verbal therapies in the treatment of mother-infant relationships. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 16(1), 58-73.
Crockenberg, S. B. (1981). Infant irritability, mother responsiveness, and social support influences on the security of infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 52(3), 857-865.
Dell, C. (1977). A primer for movement description using effort-shape supplementary concepts (revised). New York, NY: Dance Notation Bureau Press.
de Valenzuela, M. P. (2014). Dancing with mothers: A School-Based dance/movement therapy group for Hispanic immigrant mothers. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 36(1), 92-112. doi:10.1007/s10465-014-9166-5
Doonan, F., & Bräuninger, I. (2015). Making space for the both of us: how dance movement therapy enhances mother-infant attachment and experience. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 10(4), 227-242.
doi:10.1080/17432979.2015.1063547
Dosamantes-Beaudry, I. (1997). Embodying a cultural identity. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 24(2), 129-135.
Dosamantes-Beaudry, I. (1999). Divergent cultural self construals: Implications for the practice of dance/movement therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 26(4), 225-231.
Dulicai, D. (1977). Nonverbal assessment of family systems: A preliminary study. Art Psychotherapy, 4(2), 55-62. doi:10.1016/0090-9092(77)90001-1
Duh, S. L. (2009). Acculturation and Nonverbal Interaction Patterns in the Relationship Between Parents and Their Young Adult Children in Chinese-American Immigrant Families: An Observational Case Study. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
Fichardt, A. E., Van Wyk, N. C., & Weich, M. (1994). The needs of postpartum women. Curationis, 17(1), 15-21.
Fishbein, E. G., & Burggraf, E. (1998). Early postpartum discharge: How are mothers managing?. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 27(2), 142- 148.
Fong, V. L. (2002). China's one-child policy and the empowerment of urban. American Anthropologist, New Series, 104(4), 1098-1109.
Fu, C., Zhang, L., & Li, Y. (2013). Characteristics of the changes of population fertility in China based on the Sixth Census. Statistical Research, 30(1), 68-75.
Gao, L. L., Chan, S. W., & Mao, Q. (2009). Depression, perceived stress, and social support among first‐time Chinese mothers and fathers in the postpartum period. Research in Nursing & Health, 32(1), 50-58. doi:10.1002/nur.20306
Gates, G. (2017). Play and dance movement therapy [Class handout]. Department of Creative Arts Therapies, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
Greene, K., Derlega, V. J., & Mathews, A. (2006). Self-disclosure in personal
relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti, & D. Perlman, (Eds.). The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 409-427). Cambridge University Press.
Hanna, J. L. (1990). Anthropological perspectives for dance/movement therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 12(2), 115-126. doi:10.1007/BF00843886
Harwood, K., McLean, N., & Durkin, K. (2007). First-time mothers' expectations of parenthood: What happens when optimistic expectations are not matched by later experiences?. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 1-12.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.1
Hill, C. (2004) Helping skills: Facilitating exploration, insight, and action. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Ho, R. T., Fong, T. C., Cheung, I. K., Yip, P. S., & Luk, M. Y. (2016). Effects of a short- term dance movement therapy program on symptoms and stress in patients with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy: A randomized, controlled, single-blind
trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 51(5), 824-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.332
Hsiao, S., & Schmidt, G. G. (2015). Chinese immigrant women in remote northern communities: Adjustment and social support networks. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 25(2), 115-125. doi:10.1080/10911359.2014.947463
Jensen, E. B., Knapp, A., Borsella, C. P., & Nestor, K. (2015, May). The place-of-birth composition of immigrants of the United States: 2000 to 2013. Poster Presented at the 2015 Annual Meeting to the Population Association of America, San Diego, CA.
Jeong, Y., Hong, S., Lee, M. S., Park, M., Kim, Y., & Suh, C. (2005). Dance movement therapy improves emotional responses and modulates neurohormones in
adolescents with mild depression. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(12), 1711-1720. doi:10.1080/0020745059095857
Jin, Q., Mori, E., & Sakajo, A. (2016). Risk factors, cross‐cultural stressors and
postpartum depression among immigrant Chinese women in Japan. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 22(S1), 38-47.
Kestenberg, J. S., & Buelte, A. (1977a). Prevention, infant therapy, and the treatment of adults. 1. Toward understanding mutuality. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 6, 339-367.
Kestenberg, J. S., & Buelte, A. (1977b). Prevention, infant therapy, and the treatment of adults: 2. Mutual holding and holding-oneself-up. International Journal of
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 6, 369-396.
Kim, M. (2014). Ballroom Dance/movement Therapy for Elderly Korean Immigrants in New York City. Doctoral dissertation, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, NY.
King, A. Y. C., & Bond, M. H. (1985). The Confucian paradigm ofman: A sociological view. In W. S. Tseng, & D. Y. Wu, (Eds.). Chinese culture and mental health (pp.29-46). Orlando: Academic Press.
Knapp, A., Jensen, E. B., & Gryn, T. N. (2016, April). The demographic, social, and economic characteristics of recent immigrants from China, India, and Mexico. Poseter presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting to the Population Association of America, Washington, DC.
Koch, S. C., Morlinghaus, K., & Fuchs, T. (2014). The joy dance: Specific effects of a single dance intervention on psychiatric patients with depression. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34(4), 340-349.
Kuettel, T. J. (1982). Affective change in dance therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 5, 56-64. doi:10.1007/BF02579541
Laotse, Lin, Y., & Chuangtse. (1948). The wisdom of Laotse. (Y. Lin, Ed., & Y. Lin, Trans.) New York: The Modern Library (when original work published unknown). Lau, D. S. (1979). The Analects. New York: Penguim.
Leahy-Warren, P. (2005). First‐time mothers: Social support and confidence in infant care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50(5), 479-488. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2648.2005.03425.x
Leahy-Warren, P., McCarthy, G., & Corcoran, P. (2012). First‐time mothers: social support, maternal parental self‐efficacy and postnatal depression. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(3-4), 388-397. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03701.x
Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese patterns of behaviour. University of Hawaii Press. Lee, A., & Brann, L. (2015). Influence of cultural beliefs on infant feeding, postpartum
and childcare practices among Chinese-American mothers in New York City. Journal of Community Health, 40(3), 476-483.
Lee, D. T., Yip, A. S. K., Leung, T. Y. S., Chung, T. K. H., (2004). Ethnoepidemiology of postpartum depression: prospective multivariate study of sociocultural risk factors in a Chinese population in Hong Kong. Br. J. Psychiatry 184, 32–40.
Lee, T. C. (2014). Trilogy of body imaginary: Dance/Movement therapy for a psychiatric patient with depression. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(4), 400-408.
Leung, S. S. K., Arthur, D., Martinson, I. M. (2005). Perceived stress and support of the Chinese postpartum ritual “doing the month”. Health Care Women Int. 26 (3), 212– 224.
Levy, F. J. (1988). Dance/Movement Therapy. A Healing Art. AAHPERD Publications, PO Box 704, Waldorf, MD 20601.
Levy, F. J. (Ed.). (1995). Dance and other expressive art therapies: When words are not enough. New York: Routledge.
Lima, M. M. S., & Vieira, A. P. (2007). Ballroom dance as a therapy for the elderly in Brazil. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 29(2), 129–142.
Lin, Y. (2009). The wisdom of Confucius. Beijing: Forign Language Teaching and Rearch Press.
Liou, C. L., & Shenk, D. (2016). A case study of exploring older Chinese immigrants’ social support within a Chinese church community in the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 31(3), 293-309.
Ma, G. (2000). Barriers to the use of health services by Chinese Americans. Journal of Allied Health, 29(2), 64-70.
Martinec, R. (2013). Dance movement therapy in the concept of expressive arts-
therapy. Hrvatska Revija Za Rehabilitacijska Istrazivanja, 49, 143-153. Retrieved from http://ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-
com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/docview/1556055591?accountid=10559
Mala, A. K., & Meekums, B. (2012). Dance/Movement therapy (D/MT) for depression: A scoping review. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(4), 287-295.
Meekums, B. (2002). Dance movement therapy: A creative psychotherapeutic approach. Sage.
Meyers, H. (2001). Does mourning become Electra? Oedipal and separation-
individuation issues in a woman's loss of her mother. In S. Akhtar, (Eds.). Three faces of mourning: Melancholia, manic defense, and moving on (pp. 13–31). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Mills, L. J., & Daniluk, J. C. (2002). Her body speaks: The experience of dance therapy for women survivors of child sexual abuse. Journal of Counseling and
Development, 80, 77-85. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00169.x
Moore, C. (2006). Dance/Movement therapy in the light of trauma: Research findings of a multidisciplinary project. In S. C. Koch & I. Brauminger (Eds.), Advances in dance/movement therapy: Theoretical perspectives and empirical findings (pp. 104- 115). Berlin, Germany: Logos Verlag. doi:10.1007/s10465-006-9019-y
National Institutes of Health. (1994). Alternative medicine: Expanding medical horizons. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Ngai, F. W., Chan, S. W. C., & Holroyd, E. (2007). Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the parenting sense of competence scale in Chinese mothers. Nursing Research, 56(5), 348-354.
Ning, Z. (2007). The basic features of contemporary Chinese culture. World Literature Today, 81(4), 12-14.
Oh, Y., Koeske, G. F., & Sales, E. (2002). Acculturation, stress, and depressive
symptoms among Korean immigrants in the United States. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(4), 511-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603915
Pallaro, P. (1993). Culture, self, and body-self: Dance/movement therapy across cultures. In F. J. Bejjai (Ed.), Current research in arts medicine (pp. 287-291). Chicago, IL: a cappella books.
Pallaro, P. (1997). Culture, self and body-self: Dance/Movement therapy with Asian Americans. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 24(3), 227-241.
Pew Charitable Trusts Philadelphia Research Initiative. (2011). The Racial and Ethnic Changes in Philadelphia Over the Last 20 Years [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/ philadelphia_research_initiative/philadelphiapopulationethnicchangespdf.pdf. Pillsbury, B.L.K., (1978). “Doing the month”: Confinement and convalescence of
Chinese women after childbirth. Soc. Sci. Med. 12, 11–22.
Pylvänäinen, P. (2008). A dance/movement therapy group as a community outreach for intercultural women in Tokyo. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 3(1), 31-44. doi:10.1080/17432970701717767
Ren, L., & Pope Edwards, C. (2016). Contemporary Chinese parents’ socialization priorities for preschoolers: A mixed methods study. Early Child Development and Care, 186(11), 1779-1791. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1132418
Sandel, S. L. Chaiklin, S, & Lohn, A. (Eds.) (1993). Foundations of dance/movement therapy: The life and work of Marian Chace. Columbia, MD: American Dance Therapy Association.
Scharff, D. (2014). Five things western therapists need to know for working with Chinese therapists and patients. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 11(1), 48-59. doi:10.1002/aps.1343
Schaverien, J. (1998). Inheritance: Jewish identity, art psychotherapy workshops and the legacy of the Holocaust. In D. Dokter (Ed.), Art therapists, refugees and migrants: Reaching across borders (pp. 155-177). London, United Kingdom: Jessica
Kingsley Publishers.
Schelly Hill, E. (2011). Healing circle movement ritual [Class handout]. Department of Creative Arts Therapies, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
Schmais, C. (1974). Dance therapy in perspective. Focus on Dance, 7, 7-12.
Schmais, C. (1985). Healing processes in group dance therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 8(1), 17-36.
Solomon, R. H. (1971). Mao's revolution and the Chinese political culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Song, J. E., Park, S. M., & Roh, E. H. (2016). The postnatal care experiences among first time Chinese immigrant mothers living in Korea. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 22(1), 48-60.
Scott, D., Brady, S., & Glynn, P. (2001). New mother groups as a social network
intervention: consumer and maternal and child health nurse perspectives. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(4), 23.
Stern, G., Kruckman, L., (1983). Multi-disciplinary perspectives on postpartum depression: An anthropological critique. Soc. Sci. Med. 17, 1027–1041. Stewart, D. E., Gagnon, A., Saucier, J. F., Wahoush, O., & Dougherty, G. (2008).
Postpartum depression symptoms in newcomers. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(2), 121-124.
Subramanyam, A. (1998). Dance movement therapy with South Asian women in Britain. In D. Dokter (Ed.), Art therapists, refugees, and migrants reaching across borders (pp. 175-191). London, United Kingdom: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Sue, S., & Abe, J. (1995). Predictors of academic achievement among Asian American and White students. In D. T. Nakanishi, & T. Y. Nishida, (Eds.). The Asian American Educational Experience: A Source Book for Teachers and Students (pp. 303-321). New York: Routledge.
Tong, Y., Piotrowski, M., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Resistant to change? The transition to parenthood among married adults in China. Journal of Family Therapy, 39, 193- 216. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12150
Tsai, T. I., Morisky, D. E., Kagawa‐Singer, M., & Ashing‐Giwa, K. T. (2011). Acculturation in the adaptation of Chinese‐American women to breast cancer: a mixed‐method approach. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(23‐24), 3383-3393. Tseng, W. S., & Wu, D. Y. (1985). Chinese culture and mental health. Orlando:
Academic Press.
Tummala-Narra, P. (2004). Mothering in a foreign land. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 64(2), 167-182. doi:0002-9548/04/0060-0167/1
Wang, X. (2012). On becoming a religious therapist in Chinese culture. Pastoral Psychology, 61(5-6), 1007-1024. doi:10.1007/s11089-012-0430-7
Winnicott, D. W. (1960) The theory of the parent-child relationship. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 585-595.
Wong, J., & Fisher, J. (2009). The role of traditional confinement practices in
determining postpartum depression in women in Chinese cultures: A systematic review of the English language evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 116(3), 161-169. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.002
Wu, P., Robinson, C. C., Yang, C., Hart, C. H., Olsen, S. F., Porter, C. L., . . . Wu, X. (2002). Similarities and differences in mothers’ parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 481-491. doi:10.1080/01650250143000436
Xie, S., & Li, H. (2017). ‘Tiger mom, panda dad’: A study of contemporary Chinese parenting profiles. Early Child Development and Care, 1-17.
doi:10.1080/03004430.2017.1318870
Xu, Y., Farver, J. A., Zhang, Z., Zeng, Q., Yu, L., & Cai, B. (2005). Mainland Chinese parenting styles and parent-child interaction. International Journal of Behavioral