CAPITULO 5: RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
5.3 Etapa 3: Resultado de resistencia a la compresión, expansión y caracterización de
5.3.3 Diagramas Binarios fases presentes en los morteros M-01 determinadas por (EDS), Si/Ca-Al/Ca y
This study sought to measure the likelihood that rural students would persist in college based on whether they came from a rural community with a college or high rates of tourism while controlling for several student background factors and school
characteristics. Overall, there was no significant difference in the likelihood to persist in college among students of different types of rural communities when accounting for school and student background factors. Consistent with the literature on college completion, the student background factors of family income and college academic readiness are the strongest predictors of college persistence.
Efforts made by policy makers to improve rates of college completion for rural students in northern New England will need to focus on supporting students’ academic preparation before entering college and overcoming the challenges that living in poverty presents to persistence. Resources to support rural students who are enrolling in college should be distributed without concern for the type of rural community where they reside. Exposing students to college communities should be intentional and structured to provide a realistic expectation of what life at college will be like, because living in close
proximity to a college is not in itself a reliable mechanism. Academic readiness for college should include sufficient preparation in mathematics, reading, and writing. This study suggests supporting the academic and socioeconomic needs for each individual student is the most effective pathway to improving college persistence and college completion for rural youth.
REFERENCES
Acock, A. C. (2005, November). Working with Missing Values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4) pp. 1012-1028.
Alarcon, G. M., & Edwards, J. M. (2013). Ability and motivation: Assessing individual factors that contribute to university retention. Journal of Educational Psychology,
105(1), 129-137.
Andereck, K. L, Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt C. A. (2005). Residents' perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4) 1056–1076
Andereck, K., Valentine, K., Vogt, C., & Knopf, R. (2007). Across-cultural analysis of tourism and quality of life perceptions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(5), 483e502.
Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 665-690.
Arce, W. M., Giles, S., & ZuWallack, R. S. (2009, July). A modified method of estimating the postsecondary enrollment rates of recent Vermont high school graduates: Class of 2007 Senior Survey. Vermont Student Assistance
Corporation: Winooski, VT. Retrieved from
http://services.vsac.org/wps/wcm/connect/822811804f52e01e8152b7c73da1011c/ 2007SeniorSurvey_ContinuationStudyMethods.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
Arce, W. M. (2015). Discussions with Vermont Student Assistance Corporation researchers managed and provided data.
Aud, S., Fox, M., & Kewal Ramani, A. (2010). Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups (NCES 2010-015). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Bassett, S. T. D. (1987). Documenting recreation and tourism in New England. The
American Archivist, 50(4), 550-569.
Bauch, P. A. (2001). School-community partnerships in rural schools: Leadership, renewal, and a sense of place. Peabody Journal of Education, 76(2), 204-221. Beale, C. L., & Johnson, K. M. (1998). The identification of recreational counties in
nonmetropolitan areas of the USA. Population Research and Policy Review,
Bean, J. P. (1980). Dropout and turnover: The synthesis and test of a causal model of student attrition. Research in Higher Education, 12(2), 155-187.
Becker, G. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special
reference to education. (3rd Ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. London: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1980). The production of belief: Contribution to an economy of symbolic goods. Media, Culture and Society, 2(3), 261–293.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. C. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory
and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241–258). Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press.
Bowen, W. G., Chingos, M. M., & McPherson, M. S. (2009). Crossing the finish line:
Completing college at America’s public universities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Braxton, J. M., Doyle, W. R., Hartley III, H. V., Hirschy, A. S., Jones, W. A., & McLendon, M. K. (2014). Rethinking college student retention. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Braxton, J. M., Sullivan, A. S., & Johnson, R. M. (1997). Appraising Tinto’s Theory of College Student Departure. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of
theory and research, 12 (pp. 107-164). New York: Agathon Press.
Britton, D. (2011, June 17). Measures of association and correlation. SPSS eTutor: A brief guidebook. Retrieved from http://commons.esc.edu/spss/examining- relationships-among-variables/measures-of-association/
Brougham, J. E., & Butler, R. W. (1981) A segmentation analysis of resident attitudes to the social impact of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 7, 569–590.
Byun, S., Irvin, M. J., & Meece, J. L. (2012). Predictors of Bachelor's Degree Completion among Rural Students at Four-Year Institutions. The Review of Higher Education,
35(2), 463-484.
Carnevale, A. P., Smith, N., Stone, J. R. III, Kotamraju, P., Steuernagel, B., & Green, K. (2011). Career clusters: Forecasting demand for high school through college
jobs, 2008-2018. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education
Carnevale, A. P., Smith, N., & Strohl, J. (2013). Recovery: Job growth and education
requirements through 2020. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Center on
Education and the Work Force.
Chidester, L. W. (1934). The importance of recreation as a land use in New England. The
Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics, 10(2), 202-209.
Chumra Economics and Analytics (2014). Vermont tourism bounces back: Economic
impact of tourism activities in Vermont. Retrieved from
http://www.uvm.edu/tourismresearch/publications/EconomicImpactofVisitorActi vitiesinVermont.pdf
Coleman, J. S. (1968). The concept of equality of educational opportunity. Harvard
Education Review,38(1), 7-22.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal
of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
College Board (2015). About the SAT. Retrieved from https://sat.collegeboard.org/about- tests/sat
College Board (2016a). Completion rates by sector and race/ethnicity. Retrieved from http://trends.collegeboard.org/education-pays/figures-tables/completion-rates- sector-and-race-ethnicity
College Board (2016b). Data: SAT program participation and performance statistics. Retrieved from http://research.collegeboard.org/programs/sat/data
College Board (2016c). SAT V+M composites. Retrieved from
http://research.collegeboard.org/programs/sat/data/equivalence/sat-composites Consortium of Vermont Colleges (2015). Find your school. Retrieved from
https//vtcolleges.org
Corbett, M. (2007). Travels in space and place: Identity and rural schooling. Canadian
Journal of Education, 30(3), 771‐792.
Craik, J. (1995). Are there cultural limits to tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
3(2). Brisbane, AU
Deery, M., Jago, L., & Fredline, L. (2011). Rethinking Social Impacts of Tourism Research: A New Research Agenda. Tourism Management, 33(1): 64-73. Deller, S. (2000). Rural poverty, tourism and spatial heterogeneity. Annals of Tourism
Devine, J., Gabe T., & Bell, K. P. (2009). Community scale and residents’ attitudes towards tourism. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 39(1), 11-22.
Demi, M., Coleman-Jensen, A., & Snyder, A. (2010). The rural context and post-second- ary school enrollment: An ecological systems approach. Journal of Research in
Rural Education, 25(7). Retrieved from http://jrre.psu.edu/articles/25-7.pdf.
DeYoung, A. J., & Howley, C. B. (1990). The political economy of rural school consolidation. Peabody Journal of Education, 67(4), 63-89.
Dias, J. A., Ribeiro, F. P. & Correia, A. (2012). Online reviews of short-term visits: Exploring sense of place. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and
hospitality Research, 7(4) 364-374.
Dogan, H. Z. (1989). Forms of adjustment: Sociocultural impacts of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 16, 216-236.
Duncan, C. M. (1999). Worlds apart: Why poverty persists in rural America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
English, D. B. K., Marcouiller, D. W., & Cordell, H. K. (2000) Tourism Dependence in Rural America: Estimates and Effects, Society & Natural Resources, 13(3), 185- 202.
Flora, C. B., & Flora, J. L. (2008). Rural communities: Legacy and change. (3rd Ed.) Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Friedman, M. (2002). Capitalism and freedom. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Funnel, R. (2008). “Finding what doesn’t fit”: Adjusting the focus on education in country towns as a limiting case for the “learning or earning” years. The
Australian Educational Researcher, 35(2), 107-122.
Gibbs, R. M. (1998). College completion and return migration among rural youth. In R. M. Gibbs, P. L. Swaim, & R. A. Texeira (Eds.), Rural education and training in
the new economy: The myth of the rural skills gap. Ames, IA: Iowa State
University Press.
Gieryn, T. (2000). A space for place in sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 463– 496.
Gossling, S. (2002). Human-environmental relations with tourism. Annals of Tourism
Gjelten, T. (1982). A typology of rural school settings. Summary of presentation prepared for the Rural Education Seminar, United States Department of Education
(Washington, DC, May 3-5, 1982). Last half of a joint presentation with Faith Dunne on "The Rural Condition: Demographics and Characteristics.” Charleston, WV: Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools.
Greenstone, M., Looney, A., Patashnik, J., & Yu, M. (2013). Thirteen economic facts
about social mobility and the role of education. Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution Press.
Guiffrida, D.A. (2008). Preparing rural students for large colleges and universities.
Journal of School Counseling, 6(14). Retrieved from
http://jsc.montana.edu/articles/v6n14.pdf
Gumprecht, B. (2003). The American College Town. Geographical Review, 93(1), 51– 80.
Gumprecht, B. (2007). The campus as a public space in the American college town.
Journal of Historical Geography, 33, 72-103.
Hall, C., Smith, K., & Chia, R. (2008). Cognitive and personality factors in relation to timely completion. College Student Journal, 42(4), 1087-1098.
Hamilton, L. C., Hamilton, L. R., Duncan, C. M., & Colocousis, C. R. (2008). Place matters: challenges and opportunities in four rural Americas. The Carsey School
of Public Policy at the Scholars' Repository. Paper 41. Retrieved from
http://scholars.unh.edu/carsey/41
Hill, N. E., & Wang, M. (2015). From middle school to college: Developing aspirations, promoting engagement, and indirect pathways from parenting to post high school enrollment. Developmental Psychology, 51(2), 224-235.
Hines, D. J. (2010). Rural gentrification as permanent tourism: The creation of the ‘New’ west archipelago as postindustrial cultural space. Environment and Planning D:
Society and Space, 28, 509-525.
Hoffman, J. L., & Lowitzki, K. E. (2005). Predicting college success with high school grades and test scores: Limitations for minority students. The Review of Higher
Education, 28(4), 455-474.
Howley, C. (2004). A critical introduction to useful works about rural life and education.
Howley, C., Johnson, J., Passa, A., & Uekawa, K. (2014). College enrollment and
persistence in rural Pennsylvania schools. (REL 2015–053). Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Mid-Atlantic. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs. Ishitani, T. T. (2006). Studying attrition and degree completion behavior among first-
generation college students in the United States. Journal of Higher Education,
77(5), 861-885.
Johnson, I. (2008). Enrollment, persistence and graduation of in-state students at a public research university: Does high school matter? Research in Higher Education, 49, 776-793.
Johnson, R. L., & Moore, E. (1993). Tourism impact estimation. Annals of Tourism
Research, 20, 279-288.
Johnson, J., Showalter, D., Klein, R., & Lester, C. (2014). Why rural matters 2013-2014:
The condition of rural education in the 50 states. Washington DC: Rural School
and Community Trust.
Johnson, J., & Strange, M. (2009). Why rural matters 2009: State and regional
challenges and opportunities. (September). A Report of the Rural School and
Community Trust.
Jones, K. (2015). Benchmark study of the impact of visitor spending on the Vermont
economy: 2013: Tourism is vital to Vermont. Montpelier, VT: Vermont Agency
of Commerce and Community Development.
Kahn, J. H., & Nauta, M. M. (2001). Social-Cognitive Predictors of First-Year College
Persistence: The Importance of Proximal Assessment. Research in Higher
Education, 42 (6) December 2001.
Kao, G., & Thompson, J. S. (2003). Racial and ethnic stratification in educational
achievement and attainment. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 417-442
Kaufman, J., & Kaliner, M. E. (2011). The re-accomplishment of place in twentieth century Vermont and New Hampshire: history repeats itself, until it doesn’t.
Theory of Sociology, 40, 119-154.
Koyama, J. P. (2007). Approaching and attending college: Anthropological and ethnographic accounts. Teachers College Record, 109(10), 2301-2323.
Kuczera, M., & Field, S. (2013). A skills beyond school review of the United States, OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training, OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264202153-en
Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 390–407. Leonhardt, D. (2013, April 4). What Makes a College ‘Selective’ — and Why It Matters.
New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/04/business/economy/economix- selectivity-table.html?_r=0
Lucas, C. J. (2006). American higher education: A history (2nd Ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Luo, M., & Williams, J. E. (2010). Understanding first-year persistence at a micropolitan university: Do geographic characteristics of students' home city matter? College
Student Journal, 44(2), 362-376.
Ma, J., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Dolovich, L., & Thabane, L. (2011). Imputation strategies for missing binary outcomes in cluster randomized trials. BMC Medical Research Methodology 11(18) Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471- 2288/11/18.
MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
MacLeod, J. (2009). Ain't no makin' it. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Mangan, K. (2013). College-completion push fails to nudge graduation rates. The
chronicle of higher education, 60(16). Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.uvm.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA364442381&v =2.1&u=vol_b92b&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w&asid=1238cafd4b141c586c8930e5ea3 c041d
Massey, J., Field, S., & Chan, Y. (2014). Partnering for economic development: How town-gown relationships impact local economic development in small and medium cities. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 44(2), 152-169.
Mattern, K. D., & Patterson, B. F. (2009). Is performance on the SAT related to college retention? (College Board Research Report 2009-7). New York: The College Board.
McIntosh, R. W. (1977). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies. 2nd ed., Grid Inc: Columbus, Ohio.
McGrath, D. J., Swisher, R. R., Elder, G.H., & Conger, R.D. (2001). Breaking new ground: Diverse routes to college in rural America. Rural Sociology, 66, 244-267. McReynolds, S. A. (1987). Rural Life in New England. The American Archivist, 50(4),
532-548.
Molotch, H., Freudenburg, W., & Paulsen, K. E. (2000) History repeats itself, but how? City character, urban tradition, and the accomplishment of place. American
Sociological Review, 65(6), 791-823.
Munro, B. H. (1981). Dropouts from higher education: Path analysis of a national sample.
American Educational Research Journal, 18(2), 133–141.
Murphy, P. (1983) Perceptions and Attitudes of Decision-making Groups in Tourist Centers. Journal of Travel Research, 21, 8-12.
Murphy, P. E. (1985). Tourism: A community approach. New York: Methuen. Murtaugh, P. A., Burns, L. D., & Schuster, J. (1999). Predicting the retention of
university students. Research in Higher Education, 40, 355–371.
Nanzer, B. (2004). Measuring sense of place: A scale for Michigan. Administrative
Theory & Praxis, 26(3), 362-382.
National Center for Educational Statistics (2015a). Common core of data: Identification
of rural locales. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/rural_locales.asp.
National Center for Educational Statistics (2015b). Rural education in America: School
locale definitions. Retrieved from
https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/ruraled/definitions.asp.
National Center for Educational Statistics (2015c). Common core of data: Data files,
LEA universe survey. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/ccddata.asp
National Center for Educational Statistics (2015d). IPEDS 2015-2016 data collection
system: 2015-16 Survey materials, Glossary. Retrieved from
https://surveys.nces.ed.gov/ipeds/Downloads/Forms/IPEDSGlossary.pdf Niu, S. X., & Tienda, M. (2013). High school economic composition and college
persistence. Research in Higher Education, 54(1), 30-62.
Nora, A. (2002). A theoretical and practical view of student adjustment and academic achievement. In W. G. Tierney & L. S. Hagedorn (Eds.), Increasing access to
college: Extending possibilities for all students. Albany, NY: State University of
Nora, A. (2003). Access to higher education for Hispanic students: Real or illusory? In J. Castellanos & L. Jones (Eds.), The majority in the minority: Expanding the
representation of Latina/o faculty, administrators, and students in higher education (pp. 47-68). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Nora, A. (2004). The role of habitus and cultural capital in choosing a college, transitioning from high school to higher education, and persisting in college among minority and nonminority students. Journal of Hispanic Higher
Education, 3(2), 180-208.
Office of Management and Budget (2010). Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas. Federal Register (75)123. Retrieved from:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/fedreg_2010/06282010_ metro_standards-Complete.pdf
Pearce, P. L., Moscardo, G., & Ross, G.F. (1996). Tourism community relationships. Oxford, England: Pergamon.
Petersens (2015, October 29). A brief history of the SAT and how it changes. Retrieved from https://www.petersons.com/college-search/sat-scores-changes-test.aspx Petrezelka, P., Krannich, R. S., Brehm, J., & Trentelman, C. K. (2005). Rural tourism and
gendered nuances. Annals of Tourism Research, (32)4, 1121–1137. Prince, H. (1974). Sense of Place. Area, 6(1), 71-72.
Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2012). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata: Volume II: Categorical responses, counts, and survival 3rd edition. Stata Press: College Station, Texas
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and
data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sage, R., & Sherman, J. (2014). “There are no jobs here”: Opportunity Structures, Moral Judgment, and Educational Trajectories in the Rural Northwest. In Dynamics of
social class, race, and place in rural education (pp.67-93). Charlotte, NC:
Information Age Publishing.
Schafer, J. L., & Olsen, M. K. (1998) Multiple Imputation for Multivariate Missing-Data Problems: A Data Analyst's Perspective, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33(4), 545-571.
Schafft, K. A., Killeen, K. M., & Morrissey, J. (2010). The challenges of student
In K. A. Schafft, K. A., & Jackson, A. Y (Ed.) Rural education for the twenty-first
century: Identity, place, and community in a globalizing world, 95-114.
University Park, PA: Penn State Press.
Shepard, D. (2016). Post-Secondary enrollments: National student clearinghouse (NSC). Vermont Agency of Education.
Shapiro, D., Dundar, A., Yuan, X., Harrell, A., & Wakhungu, P.K. (2014, November).
Completing College: A National View of Student Attainment Rates – Fall 2008 Cohort (Signature Report No. 8). Herndon, VA: National Student Clearinghouse
Research Center.
Shapiro, D., Dundar, A., Wakhungu, P., Yuan, X., & Harrell, A. (2015, February). Completing College: A state-level view of student attainment rates (Signature Report No. 8a). Herndon, VA: National Student Clearinghouse Research Center. Shaw, E.J. (2015). An SAT validity primer. College Board Research. Retrieved from
http://research.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/publications/2015/2/research- report-sat-validity-primer.pdf
Smallwood, F. (1971). Higher education in Vermont: Past, present and future / Frank
Smallwood. S.l.: S.n.]. A report to the Vermont State College Board of Trustees.
Smith, S. L. J. (1988). Defining tourism: A supply-side view. Annals of Tourism
Research, 15, 179–190.
Snijders, T.A.B., & Bosker, R.J. (2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stage, F., & Hossler, D. (1988). Differences in family influences on college attendance plans for male and female ninth graders. Research in Higher Education, 30, 301- 315.
StataCorp. (2013). Stata multilevel mixed effects reference manual release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
StataCorp. (2015). Stata multiple imputation reference manual: Release 14. Statistical Software. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
St. John, E. P., Cabrera, A. F., Nora, A., & Asker E. H. (2000). Economic influences on persistence reconsidered: How can finance research inform the
reconceptualization of persistence models? In Braxton, J.M. (Ed.). Reworking the
Stumph, H., & Stanley, J. C. (2002). Group data on high school grade point averages and