Diccionario EDT

• Develop a full policy stating the company’s position on sexual harassment (often in conjunction with a discrimination policy) and setting clear guidelines for staff to report incidences.

• This policy should also include a clear procedure for investigation. The policy should be incorporated into existing manuals (e.g. staff handbook) where possible.

• Enable workers at all levels to fully understand the policy and what it means for them in practice, including their rights and responsibilities around preventing and addressing sexual harassment issues.

• Make sure that staff members who have direct responsibility for managing workers (e.g. supervisors) fully understand the importance of preventing and dealing with sexual harassment, along with the implications for business, and that their role is crucial to success. It is also fundamental to ensure that supervisors are empowered to fulfil such a role by being clear on the expectations of them in implementing the policy.

• Make it clear who the managers in charge of implementing the policy are (contact managers) and recruit and train such managers to undertake these responsibilities with confidence, integrity, and empathy.

• Investigate promptly and fully all formal and informal complaints from workers, taking every action possible to protect all individuals involved.

• Take disciplinary action where necessary as a result of investigations.

The recommendations above draw heavily on ETI’s experience of working with companies and other expert stakeholders to develop and implement a supervisor training programme specifically aiming at addressing sexual harassment and discrimination. The in-depth programme is participatory and experiential in nature, and brings together managers and supervisors to jointly look at ways of addressing these issues. The training is proving a valuable tool in both uncovering and challenging attitudes to sexual harassment, as well as bringing about commitment and behaviour change to address it. More information is available on ETI’s website at http://www.ethicaltrade.org/training/eti-supervisor-training- programme or from the organisation’s training development manager, Jane Collis ([email protected]).

1 D. Green (2008) From Poverty to Power: How active citizens and

effective states can change the world, Oxfam International.

2 Outgrower scheme: an exporter may make agreements with small-scale producers under which they grow an agreed volume of crops to be sold to the exporter at an agreed price (or range). The exporter may provide certain inputs (e.g. seeds, advice). Detailed arrangements vary widely. 3 http://www.ethicaltrade.org/eti-base-code

4 http://www.labour.go.ke/index.php?view=article&id=111:what-is- minimum-wage&option=com_content&Itemid=44

5 P. Gibbon and L. Riisgaard (forthcoming) ‘A new system of labour management in African large-scale agriculture?’

6 Management interviews with farms F1.

7 http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/better-jobs-better-supply-chains, and http://www.sedexglobal.com/finding-the-sweet-spot-smarter- ethical-trade-that-delivers-more-for-all/

8 For instance see http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/better-jobs-better- supply-chains and R. Wilshaw, et al. (2013) ‘Labour Rights in Unilever’s Supply Chain’, Oxfam.

9 For instance see http://www.impacttlimited.com/wp-content/ uploads/2012/01/Impactt-15th-anniversary-report_finding-the-sweet- spot.pdf and http://www.impacttlimited.com/resources/nice-work-are- workers-taking-the-strain-in-the-economic-downturn

10 http://www.ethicaltrade.org/eti-base-code

11 For instance see http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/ apr/01/kenya-flower-industry-worker-conditions-water-tax 12 A. Williams (2007), ‘Comparative Study of Cut Roses for the British Market Produced in Kenya and the Netherlands’, Précis Report for World Flowers, 12 February 2007.

13 UNDP (2011), http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/climatechange/ shares/ {accessed 25/5/12}

14 Where retailers are selling processed and packaged goods, other major corporations, such as Nestlé, Unilever, PepsiCo, and Danone, play a key role in the supply chain, operating between the retailer and the agricultural sector.

15 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2011) ‘Agricultural Development: Strategy overview’, Seattle: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. http:// www.gatesfoundation.org/agriculturaldevelopment/Documents/ agricultural-development-strategy-overview.pdf; The World Bank (2011) ‘Advancing Food Security in a Changing Climate’. http://web.worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/MADAGASCAREXTN/0,,con tentMDK:22858132~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:356352,00. html

16 See Oxfam International (2009) ‘Oxfam Poverty Footprint: Understanding business contribution to development’, Oxford: Oxfam International. http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/oxfam- poverty-footprint.pdf

17 See J. Clay (2005) ‘Exploring the Links between International Business and Poverty Reduction: A case study of Unilever in Indonesia’, Oxford: Oxfam International. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/trade/ downloads/unilever.pdf

18 See Oxfam America, SABMiller, and The Coca-Cola Company (2009) ‘Exploring the Links Between International Business and Poverty Reduction: The Coca-Cola/SABMiller value chain impacts in Zambia and El Salvador’, jointly published by Oxfam America, SABMiller, and the Coca- Cola Company. http://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/coca-cola-sab- miller-poverty-footprint-dec-2011.pdf

19 BBC News (2010) ‘Growth of the ‘big four’ supermarkets’, BBC News, 22 December 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-12039041 20 KamCity (2012) ‘UK: Waitrose and discounters gain share, Tesco slips’. http://www.kamcity.com/namnews/mktshare/2012/kantar-april12.htm 21 ASDA income tracker http://your.asda.com/press-centre/

disposable-income-falls-back-to-decline-in-february

22 O. Brown and C. Sander (2007) ‘Supermarket Buying Power: Global supply chains and small-scale producers’, Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development. http://www.iisd.org/tkn/pdf/ tkn_supermarket.pdf

23 Competition Commission (2000) ‘Supermarkets: A report on the supply of groceries from multiple stores in the United Kingdom’, London: Competition Commission. http://webarchive.nationalarchives. gov.uk/+/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/ reports/2000/446super.htm#full; Competition Commission (2008) ‘The Supply of Groceries in the UK Market Investigation’, London: Competition Commission. http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/assets/ competitioncommission/docs/pdf/non-inquiry/rep_pub/reports/2008/ fulltext/538.pdf

24 Competition Commission Groceries Supply Code of Practice www. competition-commission.org.uk/assets/competitioncommission/docs/ pdf/inquiry/ref2006/grocery/pdf/revised_gscop_order

25 The Co-operative Bank (2010) ‘Ethical Consumerism 2010’, Manchester: The Co-operative Bank. http://www.co-operative.coop/ PageFiles/416561607/Ethical-Consumerism-Report-2010.pdf 26 CIA World Factbook page on Kenya. https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html

27 The World Bank’s Databank resource on Foreign Direct Investment. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD

28 July 2012 estimate; see the CIA World Factbook page on Kenya, op. cit. 29 Ibid.

30 The rate is 93 per cent, according to the World Databank (2012); see the World Bank’s Databank resource. http://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS/countries/1W?display=defaulthttps% 3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world- factbook%2Ffields%2F2102.html. This figure exceeds that of the adult population (aged 15 and above) by 6 per cent (World Databank, 2011). 31 World Bank Databank page on Kenya. http://data.worldbank.org/ country/kenya/

32 The World Bank (2008) ‘Poverty Data: A supplement to World Development Indicators 2008’, Washington DC: The World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/ WDI08supplement1216.pdf

33 The World Bank (2011) ‘Navigating the Storm, Delivering the Promise’, Washington DC: Kenya Economic Update, Edition No. 5. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/ Resources/257994-1335471959878/KEU-Dec_2011_Full_Report.pdf 34 Human Rights Watch (2008) ‘Ballots to Bullets: Organized political violence and Kenya’s crisis of governance’, New York: Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/kenya0308web. pdf

35 Available at: http://www.parliament.go.ke/index.php?option=com_ docman&task=doc_details&gid=460&Itemid

36 M. Gathigah (2011) ‘The Struggle for Women to Own Land’, Inter Press Service, 14 July 2011. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=56481 37 The World Bank’s Databank page on Kenya, op. cit.; the UN’s UNData