Digitalización de las entidades de negocio

The next chapter, Chapter Two, is a literature review. It commences with the scholarly research on governance and local governance from a global perspective which highlights the broader significance of this thesis. The chapter then turns to the discussion on the theory of polycentric governance, selected as the main conceptual framework of this thesis. Following the theory of polycentric governance, this chapter introduces decentralisation, community participation, ethnicity, cultural tourism and political and ethnic representation at a global context. In the end, this chapter explains the relevance between the literature review and the two research questions.

Chapter Three details the research background. It starts with a review of the historical perspectives on Chinese local governance and the ethnic policies from Yuan Dynasty (1271- 1368) to the Republican period (1912-1949). Key historical aspects and forms of local governance in China and Guizhou province such as the chieftain system are introduced. The key Chinese elements of local governance, the Ethnic Regional Autonomous System (ERAS),

the Local Party Committees, the Local People’s Congresses (LPCs) and the Local People’s Governments (LPGs) are then introduced. This includes the election of the LPC deputies and their representation. This chapter also looks into core concepts such as consensual democracy, pluralism, interests groups and development intervention and projects in the Chinese local context. Finally, the chapter elaborates the relevance between the research background and the two research questions.

Chapter Four introduces the research methodology and research methods. First of all, two crucial aspects relating to methodology, positionality and reflexivity, are discussed. A discussion of the ethical issues in relation to the research then follows. Chinese-English translation issues are also addressed as there are many Chinese words which may result in misunderstanding due to the continuous appearance of new words and terms in Chinese that arise in the context of the socio-economic transformation of China. The key research methods are then introduced: focus groups, semi-structured individual interviews, purposive

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observation, and document analysis. The innovative pairwise ranking in the focus groups related to the synthesisation of the data by its normalisation and averaging is detailed. The way in which the data in the semi-structured individual interviews was handled is explained. In the end, the reliability of the data with the use of these multiple research methods is discussed.

Chapter Five provides the findings on the representative structure and representation of the LCPC deputies. It explains the representative structure of the deputies based on six categories: age, gender, Party status, ethnicity, education and social classes. The deputies who belong to the social classes as farmer, cadre and intellectual are especially introduced, because these groups of deputies are the majority of the deputies and 39 of them were accessed by the researcher in his field research. The explanation then focuses on the political and ethnic representation of the deputies by analysing their motions submitted from 2012 to 2014. The last section of this chapter draws a conclusion on the representative structure and representation and its relevance with regards to the research questions.

Chapter Six provides the results of the first research question: the roles that the LCPC deputies play in representing the interests of the state towards the community. The researcher identifies four functions from the findings in the focus groups and individual interviews: (i) promoting the strategy of the Party, (ii) enforcing laws and policies of the state, (iii) implementing livelihood projects, and (iv) developing political representation. The researcher explores in detail the achievements the deputies say they have made and the challenges they face in representing the interests of the state toward the community. In addition, a structure of polycentric governance in the management of cultural tourism in Xijiang village is introduced to demonstrate the roles of deputies as negotiators and coordinators in representing the interests of the state.

Chapter Seven presents the results of the second research question: the roles that the LCPC deputies play in representing the interests of the community towards the state. Similar to Chapter Six, the researcher identifies four functions from the findings in the focus groups and individual interviews: (i) promoting the voice of the community, (ii) localising policies of the state, (iii) implementing livelihood projects, and (iv) developing ethnic representation. The researcher also looks into details of the achievements that the deputies say they have made and the challenges they face in representing the interests of the community towards the state. In addition, a structure of polycentric governance in village governance and cultural tourism in Langde village is introduced to demonstrate the roles of deputies as negotiators and

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coordinators in representing the interests of the community. The deputies accumulated more roles in representing the interests of the community.

Chapter Eight is a chapter of discussion and some conclusions which uses the results of analyses in the fifth, sixth and seventh chapters. It links these analyses back to the literature review in Chapter Two and the research background in Chapter Three to discussion of the central topic of this thesis: political and ethnic representation of the deputies. Central-local relations and the way of localising development projects are discussed respectively in the

analysis of the deputies’ political and ethnic representation. In addition, this chapter includes two contributions of this research: the innovative use of pairwise ranking in qualitative research and the structure of polycentric governance which provides a better understanding of local governance in the Chinese context.

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Chapter Two: Literature review: Governance and polycentric governance