La dimensión intergeneracional y redistributiva del gasto en cuidados de larga

The Convention on the Rights of the Child affords a specific provision on the protection of children’s rights in reference to States’ educational duties, concerned with the prevention of violence, abuse and exploitation of children.135 _{This differs from the UN conventions on racial discrimination}

and discrimination against women which tackle discrimination, prejudice and stereotypes more generally among the population. In reviewing States’ periodic reports, the Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed concerns over discriminatory attitudes toward children born out of wedlock,136 children with disabilities, homeless children, child victims of sexual abuse and exploitation, and children coming from tribes and other

134 _{The European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports Events}

and in particular at Football Matches, article 3(5).

135 _{The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,}

article 7; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, article 5; the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 19 (1).

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vulnerable groups.137 _{This Committee was also concerned with the public’s}

attitude toward corporal punishment of children in homes and schools,138 attitudes that limit the freedom of children to freely express their views and prevent their views from being fully respected,139 and the intolerance and negative attitudes toward adolescents in the media.140

Taking a step forward, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, concurring with the view of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, underlined the significance of education in shaping public attitudes toward the empowerment of girls and women.141 _{The Committee}

on the Rights of the Child advised States to change societal attitudes against street children,142 children with disabilities,143 children born out of wedlock,144 children from poor and rural families145 or minority ethnic groups146 and child victims of violence and sexual abuse including corporal punishment, 147 and urged these States to change other discriminatory societal attitudes.148

137 _{UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.221, para. 28; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/4/BGD/2, para. 14} 138 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/PLW/2, para. 35; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.149, paras.}

44–45; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/VCT/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.184, paras. 28–29.

139 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/4/SEN/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/SEN/CO/2, para. 28; UN}

Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/PLW/2, para. 42; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.149, paras. 36–37; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/3/ARE/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.183, paras. 28 and 29.

140 _{UN Doc. CRC/C/GBR/CO/4, para. 24.}

141 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/5/VUT/2, para. 43; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.111, para. 21; the}

Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 5, para. 12.

142 _{UN Doc. CRC/C/TZA/CO/2, para. 62.}

143 _{UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.221, para. 56; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/4/BGD/2, para. 14; UN}

Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/DMA/2, para. 13; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.238, paras. 36-37.

144 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/3/ARE/2, para. 8; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.183, para. 22; UN}

Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/9/LBY/2, para. 40; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.209, paras. 23-24.

145 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/GNQ/2, para. 14; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.245, para. 24.} 146 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/1/CZE/2, para. 24; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.201, paras. 39 and}

41.

147 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/CIV/2, para. 16; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.155, para. 37; UN}

184

Addressing corporal punishment, the Committee dedicated general comment No. 8 to the modification of public attitudes and the promotion of non-violent forms of discipline and child-rearing. In its observations and comments to States as part of the periodic reporting process under the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Committee pointed out that not only did societal attitudes need to change but also negative and discriminatory attitudes within families themselves.149 In this respect, the respect for privacy should not be deemed absolute when it comes to the protection of certain core human rights. To achieve the aim of fostering a change in attitude, the Committee on the Rights of the Child recommended that States conduct national strategies,150 training programmes,151 public education,152 awareness-raising campaigns153 and other social mobilisation initiatives.154 It encouraged States to involve opinion leaders, and even

A/HRC/WG.6/5/MLT/2, para. 21; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.129, paras. 33-34; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/BRN/2, para. 13; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.219; para. 25 (a), (b) and (c).

148 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/SGP/2, para. 18; UN Doc. CRC/C/C/SGP/CO/2-3, para. 30.} 149 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/3/ARE/2, para. 8; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.183, para. 22; UN}

Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/SGP/2, para. 22; UN Doc. CRC/C/SGP/CO/2-3, paras. 39 and 40.

150 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/GNQ/2, para. 14; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.245, para. 24.} 151 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/1/CZE/2, para. 24; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.201, paras. 39 and}

41.

152 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/3/ARE/2, para. 8; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.183, para. 22; UN}

Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/BRN/2, para. 13; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.219; para. 25 (a), (b) and (c); UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/9/LBY/2, para. 40; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.209, paras. 23-24; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/5/MLT/2, para. 21; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.129, paras. 33-34.

153 _{UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.221, para. 56; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/4/BGD/2, para. 14; UN}

Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/10/PRY/2, para. 34; UN Doc. CRC/C/PRY/CO/3, para. 38; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/10/LCA/2, para. 28; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.258, para. 35; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/4/SEN/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/SEN/CO/2, para. 29; UN Doc. CRC/C/GBR/CO/4, para. 25.

154 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/5/BLZ/2, para. 15; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.252, para. 41; UN}

Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/BTN/2, para. 25; UN Doc. CRC/C/BTN/CO/2, para. 38; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/CYP/2, para. 24; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.205, paras. 45-46; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/10/OMN/2, para. 33; UN Doc. CRC/C/OMN/CO/2, paras. 33–34; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/PLW/2, para. 35; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.149, paras. 44–45; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/VCT/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.184, paras. 28–29.

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religious leaders, into these campaigns.155 _{It also recommended that parents,}

guardians and professionals who work with children be sensitised and educated. 156 These recommendations have reached Bangladesh, 157 Belize,158 Bhutan,159 Emirates,160 Botswana,161 Brunei Darussalam,162 Côte d’Ivoire, 163 _Cyprus, 164 _{the Czech Republic,} 165 _Dominica, 166

Emirates, 167 Equatorial Guinea, 168 Malta, 169 Oman, 170 Palau, 171 Paraguay, 172 Saint Lucia, 173 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 174 Senegal,175 Singapore,176 Tanzania177 and the United Kingdom.178

155 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/9/LBY/2, para. 40; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.209, paras. 23-24.} 156 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/SGP/2, para. 22; UN Doc. CRC/C/SGP/CO/2-3, paras. 39}

and 40; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/3/ARE/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.183, paras. 28 and 29.

157 _{UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.221, para. 56; UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/4/BGD/2, para. 14.} 158 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/5/BLZ/2, para. 15; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.252, para. 41.} 159 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/BTN/2, para. 25; UN Doc. CRC/C/BTN/CO/2, para. 38.} 160 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/3/ARE/2, para. 8; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.183, para. 22.} 161 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/3/BWA/2, para. 18; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.242, para. 45.} 162 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/BRN/2, para. 13; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.219; para. 25 (a),}

(b) and (c).

163 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/CIV/2, para. 16; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.155, para. 37.} 164 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/CYP/2, para. 24; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.205, paras. 45-46.} 165 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/1/CZE/2, para. 24; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.201, paras. 39 and}

41.

166 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/DMA/2, para. 13; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.238, paras.}

36-37.

167 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/3/ARE/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.183, paras. 28 and}

29.

168 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/6/GNQ/2, para. 14; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.245, para. 24.} 169 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/5/MLT/2, para. 21; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.129, paras. 33-34.} 170 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/10/OMN/2, para. 33; UN Doc. CRC/C/OMN/CO/2, , paras.}

33–34.

171 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/PLW/2, para. 35; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.149, paras.}

44–45.

172 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/10/PRY/2, para. 34; UN Doc. CRC/C/PRY/CO/3, para. 38.} 173 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/10/LCA/2, para. 28; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.258, para. 35.} 174 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/VCT/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.184, paras.}

28–29.

175 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/4/SEN/2, para. 31; UN Doc. CRC/C/SEN/CO/2, para. 29.} 176 _{UN Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/11/SGP/2, para. 22; UN Doc. CRC/C/SGP/CO/2-3, paras. 39}

186