2.2 Bases teóricas
2.2.3 Dimensiones del clima organizacional
with addictions, and it is difficult to move women on who have a
need for high support in these areas.’
Aftercare provider, in evidence to the CSJ
‘We’re not nurses, we’re not midwives, and certainly in the area of
mental health we do get quite a few issues.’
Medaille Trust staff member, in evidence to the CSJ
Maintaining contact with survivors once they have left an aftercare agency is also a challenge. This is crucial, however, if organisations are to assess the long-term impact of the support they are able to offer:
‘There have been few in-depth evaluations of long-term reintegration programmes and long-term follow-up of victims can be difficult as those victims assisted move on with their lives and lose touch
with service providers, little is known about best practices for long-term reintegration’. 42
One aftercare organisation has attempted to keep track of those who have left their service by hosting a regular coffee morning. This is to ensure that the survivors are safe and to acquire some feedback on where they are and what they are doing. This helps to inform the charity of the success of the service it provides and enables them better equip individuals for when they will inevitably need to move on. This is, however, beyond the remit of the organisation, and fears remain that other subcontractors are not doing the same and are losing track of survivors when they leave. The balance between following up with a client and avoiding an unhealthy level of reliance is difficult but crucial, and should form part of the standards of care guidance that the CSJ has recommended in section 6.4. The International Justice Mission (IJM), an organisation working to enhance public justice systems for victims of abuse and oppression who urgently need the protection of the law, has developed substantial outcome measurements for its work in South Asia. IJM puts in place key milestones for every person it works with – such as finding a home, accessing work and registering with local government for relevant benefits. It also maintains links with its clients, for example through monthly meetings over a two-year period, in order to ensure that the person has reintegrated to such a level as to establish economic self-sufficiency and resilience to re-trafficking.
6.7.2 Shifting the focus: reintegration
‘Reintegration is the process of recovery and economic and social inclusion following a trafficking experience. It includes living in a safe and stable environment, having access to a reasonable standard of living, enjoying mental and physical wellbeing, having opportunities for personal, social and economic development and having access to social and emotional support.’44
Reintegration for survivors of modern slavery will involve a number of key organisations and agencies including health services, housing providers, education and training programmes, local authority services and others in the voluntary sector working to support the vulnerable.
For one organisation working with survivors of trafficking, the average time it takes from when an individual is given their Conclusive Grounds decision to when they are living independently either with a job or access to benefits is 93 days; the process of reintegration is not a speedy one, and can take time.45 The CSJ recommends that a joined-up reintegration programme for
survivors of trafficking who are able or allowed to remain in the UK should be developed. Resilience to exploitation should be a key outcome of this reintegration focus; it is vital that a survivor is equipped to move forward without the fear of falling into the hands of those who wish to exploit them once again. The CSJ has heard about two survivors who have left the support of an aftercare agency and are now working in a brothel, where there are fears that they are being forced to work against their will once again.46 There is a clear need to
rethink and reframe the aspirations of survivors who are ready to move on and reintegrate into society as fully-participating members.
43 City Hearts, in evidence to the CSJ, February 2013
44 King Baudouin Foundation, Life beyond trafficking: Lessons from the King Baudouin Foundation’s Trafficking Victims’ Reintegration Programme, 2010 [accessed via: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs /Life%20beyond%20trafficking_TVRP%20summary_NEXUS.pdf (21/12/12)]
45 Aftercare provider, in evidence to the CSJ, November 2012 46 Anonymous aftercare provider, in evidence to the CSJ
City Hearts, an aftercare provider giving support to survivors of modern slavery in Sheffield, has recognised the need for maintaining contact and supporting clients after they have left their service. As a result, the Snowdrop Foundation has been established to provide floating support to those who are exiting the 45-day aftercare period.43 This project offers help in resettlement to those who may
not yet be ready to live independently.
‘If you don’t invest in resettlement, people start bouncing back into
trouble.’
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For local authorities, supporting this reintegration effort will involve:
Identifying the wider issues within their area of responsibility which may be a hindrance to support provision;
Working in partnership with aftercare agencies to remove these barriers. (Four significant potential barriers are explored below);
Active support of the work of aftercare agencies in their area; endorsing the work of these invaluable charities is essential.
For those providing aftercare to survivors of trafficking, a successful reintegration ‘package’ will involve:
Actively seeking important local services and making themselves known. This may constitute asylum support services, housing providers, counselling services or education programmes;
The development of a forum for information sharing. This is essential in order to secure commitment from agencies and organisations which may have no previous knowledge of the problem of modern slavery. Efforts to inform local agencies and organisations will be invaluable in developing the response;
Measuring the success of a new focus on reintegration, through monitoring outcomes for
those leaving their support.
This new focus will help to ensure that the UK is delivering on its promise to help and support survivors of modern slavery.
6.7.3 Improving reintegration: outcome-based provision
Whilst it has been suggested by some that a blanket extension of the reflection period would help to solve the problem of individuals not being ready or able to move on into independence, the CSJ does not believe this is the answer.47 What is instead needed is a
fundamental shift in the way the reflection period is approached, with a focus on outcomes for the individual and a wraparound reintegration programme as key elements of their support. This will mean that a survivor will not have to ‘go it alone’ once they have left the NRM process with their Conclusive Grounds decision.
Employment must be a key focus. Independent living and resilience must be outcomes. The CSJ believes that, in order to make sure that survivors are given the best chance to rebuild
47 In Norway, for example, the reflection period is six months