PERCEPCIÓN DEL CLIMA DE AULA DE ESTUDIANTES DOCENTES DEL CENTRO EDUCATIVO RURAL
DIMENSIONES SUBESCALAS RURAL
Abdominal girth (cm)
Less than 90 1.000
90 and above 1.6 0.68 – 3.9 0.31 Physical exercise
Had physical exercise 1.000
No physical exercise 1.13 0.84 – 1.45 0.83 Alcohol use problems
Absent 1.000
Present 1.79 0.73 – 4.38 0.20 Family history of hypertension
Absent 1.000
Present 1.05 0.75 – 4.47 0.85 Family history of stroke
Absent 1.000
Present 0.58 0.14 – 2.46 0.46
________________________________________________________________________
Physical inactivity
Lack of physical exercise was more common among depressed hypertensive subjects (81.4%) compared with depressed normotensive subjects (66.7%) and depressed normal controls. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.08).
Smoking
A higher proportion of depressed hypertensive subjects (9.3%) were smoking cigarette compared with the depressed normotensive subjects (6.7%) and depressed normal controls (0%). The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.54).
Alcohol use
Alcohol use was more common among a higher proportion of depressed normal individuals (41.7%) compared with the hypertensive patients (20.9%). None of the depressed normotensive subjects reported alcohol use. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.02). Among subjects who reported alcohol use, alcohol use related problems were found among 11% of depressed hypertensive subjects. None of the depressed hypertensive subjects and normal controls had alcohol use related problems.
The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.44).
Family history of hypertension and stroke
Family history of hypertension was more common among the depressed hypertensive subjects (34.9%) compared with depressed normotensive subjects (20%). None of the depressed normal controls had family history of hypertension. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.04). Family history of stroke was more common among depressed hypertensive subjects (9.3%) compared with the depressed normotensive subjects (6.7%). None of the depressed normal controls reported family history of stroke.
The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.54).
Table 23: Comparison of the presence of risk factors for hypertension among depressed subjects
Hypertensives Normotensives Normal controls
n (%) n (%) n (%) P value __________________________________________________________________________________
BMI score (kg/m2)
25 and above 29 (67.4) 6 (40.0) 5 (41.7)
Less than 25 14 (32.6) 9 (60.0) 7 (58.3) 0.08 Abdominal girth (cm)
90 and above 32 (74.4) 10 (66.7) 6 (50.0)
Less than 90 11 (25.6) 5 (33.3) 6 (50.0) 0.27
Physical exercise?
No physical exercise 35 (81.4) 10 (66.7) 6 (50.0) Had physical exercise 8 (18.6) 5 (33.3) 6 (50.0) 0.08
Smoking
Current smokers 4 (9.3) 1 (6.7) 0 (0)
Non-smokers 39 (90.7) 14 (93.3) 12 (100) 0.54
Alcohol use
Current alcohol users 9 (20.9) 0 (0) 5 (41.7)
Non-users 34 (79.1) 15 (100) 7 (58.3) 0.02*
AUDIT
5 and above 1 (11.1) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Less than 5 8 (88.9) 0 (0) 5 (100) 0.44
Family history of hypertension
Present 15 (34.9) 3 (20.0) 0 (0)
Absent 28 (65.1) 12 (80.0) 12 (100) 0.04*
Family history of stroke
Present 4 (9.3) 1 (6.7) 0 (0)
Absent 39 (90.7) 14 (93.3) 12 (100) 0.54 __________________________________________________________________________________
* = statistically significant at p<0.05(Chi square test X2) 5.8 Logistic regression for predictors of depression (table 24)
Logistic regression was perfomed for the predictor variables that were associated with depression among the hypertensive patients. The analyses showed that only hypertension significantly predicted the occurrence of depressive symptoms in the subjects.
Hypertensive status
Hypertension increased the odds of having depressive symptoms and this finding was statistically significant (OR=5.15, 95% [CI]=2.52 – 10.53, p=0.0001). Medical illness without hypertension also increased the odds of having depressive symptoms but this was not statistically significant (OR=1.31, 95% [CI]=0.59 – 2.90. p=0.50).
Obesity/Being overweight
Obesity on the BMI scale (>25kg/m2) did notincrease the odds of developing depression among the subjects. (OR=0.60; 95% [CI] = 0.35 – 1.03, p=0.06).
Lack of physical exercise
Lack of physical exercise did not increase the odds of developing depression among the subjects (OR=0.71; 95% [CI] = 0.41 – 1.25, p=0.24).
Alcohol use
The odds of developing depressive symptoms was not increased by alcohol use among the subjects (OR=0.62; 95% [CI] = 0.33 – 1.16, p=0.14).
Family history of hypertension
Having a family history of hypertension did not increase the odds of developing depressive symptoms among the subjects (OR=0.65; 95% [CI] = 0.37 – 1.16, p=0.15).
Table 24 Logistic regression analysis for predictors of depression
Odds ratio Confidence Interval P value Risk Factors
________________________________________________________________________
Hypertensive status
Normal controls 1.000
Hypertensives 5.15 2.52 – 10.53 0.0001 Normotensives 1.31 0.59 – 2.90 0.50
BMI score (kg/m2)
25 and above 1.000
Less than 25 0.60 0.35 – 1.03 0.06
Physical exercise
Had physical exercise 1.000
No physical exercise 0.71 0.41 – 1.25 0.24 Alcohol use
Current alcohol user 1.000
Alcohol Non-users 0.62 0.33 – 1.16 0.14 Family history of hypertension
Absent 1.000
Absent 0.65 0.37 – 1.16 0.15 ________________________________________________________________________
5.9 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS AND ANXIETY IN HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS
Table 25-29 summarize the within group analysis of the relationship between some sociodemographic parameters and anxiety among the hypertensive subjects.
Age
Anxiety symptoms were found among a higher proportion of hypertensive subjects in the age group of 45-54 years (39.4%) compared to the 35-44 and 55-65 years age groups (30.3%). However, there was no significant difference in the age distribution of the hypertensive subjects with anxiety symptoms and those without these symptoms (p=0.06)
Sex
A higher proportion of the hypertensive subjects who had anxiety symptoms were females (61.8%) compared to males (38.2%). However, the hypertensives with anxiety and those without it did not differ significantly regarding their sex distribution (p=0.09).
Marital status
Three-quarters of the hypertensive subjects with anxiety symptoms were married.
However, the hypertensive subjects with anxiety and those without these symptoms were not significantly different in their marital status (p=0.63).
Educational level
A higher proportion of hypertensive subjects with anxiety symptoms had at least secondary school education (36.8%) and 34.2% had primary school education. There was no significant difference in the level of educational achievement of the hypertensive subjects with and those without anxiety (p=0.43).
Employment status
There was no significant difference between the hypertensive subjects who had anxiety and those without anxiety symptoms regarding their employment status (p=0.57).
Table 25: Cross-tabulation of age of hypertensive subjects with presence of anxiety
Age group
Anxiety (N=76) n (%)
No Anxiety (N=249) N (%)
Total N (%) 35 - 44 23 (30.3) 57 (22.9) 80 (24.6) 45 - 54 30 (39.4) 79 (31.7) 109 (33.5) 55 - 65 23 (30.3) 113 (45.4) 136 (41.9) Total N (%) 76 (100) 249 (100) 325 (100) X2= 5.508, df=2, p=0.06
Table 26: Cross-tabulation of sex of hypertensive subjects with presence of anxiety
Sex
Anxiety (N=76) n (%)
No anxiety (N=249) n (%)
Total N (%) Male 29 (38.2) 122 (49.0) 151 (46.5) Female 47 (61.8) 127 (51.0) 174 (53.5) Total 76 (100) 249 (100) 325 (100) X2=2.75, df=1, p=0.09
Table 27: Cross-tabulation of marital status of hypertensive subjects with presence of anxiety
Marital status
Anxiety(N=76) n (%)
No anxiety (N=249) N (%)
Total N (%) Never married 1 (1.3) 5 (2.0) 6 (1.8) Married 57(75) 192 (77.1) 249 (76.6) Divorced 4 (5.3) 6 (2.4) 10 (3.1) Widowed 14 (18.4) 46 (18.5) 60 (18.5) Total N (%) 76 (100) 249 (100) 325 (100) X2= 1.726, df =3, p=0.63
Table 28: Cross-tabulation of educational level of hypertensive subjects with presence of anxiety
Educational level
Anxiety (N=76) N (%)
No anxiety (N=249) n (%)
Total N (%) No formal education 15 (19.7) 46 (18.5) 61 (18.8) Primary education 26 (34.2) 92 (36.9) 118 (36.3) Secondary education 28 (26.8) 73 (29.3) 101 (31.1) Tertiary education 7 (9.2) 38 (15.3) 45 (13.8)
Total N (%) 76 (100) 249 (100) 325 (100) X2= 2.77, df=3, p=0.43
Table 29: Cross-tabulation of employment status of hypertensive subjects with presence of anxiety
Employment status
Anxious (N=76)
n (%)
Not anxious (N=249)
n (%)
Total N (%) Employed 62 (81.6) 210 (84.3) 272 (83.7) Not employed 14 (18.4) 39 (15.7) 53 (16.3) Total 76 (100) 249 (100) 325 (100) X2=0.325, df=1, p=0.57
5.10 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS AND DEPRESSION IN HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS
Table 30-34 summarize the within group analysis of the relationship between some sociodemographic parameters and depression among the hypertensive subjects
Age
Depression was most common among hypertensive subjects in the age group of 45-54 (44.2%) compared to the 35-44 age group (18.6%) and the 55-65 (37.2%). However, there was no significant difference between the depressed and non-depressed hypertensive subjects regarding their ages (p=0.26)
Sex
A higher proportion of the depressed hypertensive subjects were females (53.5%) compared to males (46.5%). However, the depressed and the non-depressed hypertensive did not differ significantly regarding sex distribution (p=0.99).
Marital status
Majority of the depressed hypertensive subjects were married (72.1%). There was, however, no significant difference between the depressed and the nondepressed hypertensive subjects regarding their marital status (p=0.30).
Educational level
A higher proportion of depressed hypertensive subjects had primary education (44.2%) compared to those who had secondary education (25.6%) and subjects with tertiary education (7.0%). The depressed and non-depressed hypertensive did not, however, differ significantly in the educational level they attained (p=0.31)
Employment status
There was no significant difference between the depressed and non-depressed hypertensive subjects regarding their employment status (p=0.66).
Table 30: Cross-tabulation of age of hypertensive subjects with presence of depression
Age group
Depression (N=43) n (%)
No depression (N=282) N (%)
Total N (%) 35 - 44 8 (18.6) 72 (25.5) 80 (24.6) 45 - 54 19 (44.2) 90 (31.9) 109 (33.6) 55 - 65 16 (37.2) 120 (42.6) 136 (41.8) Total N (%) 43 (100) 282 (100) 325 (100) X2= 2.65, df=2, p=0.26
Table 31: Cross-tabulation of sex of hypertensive subjects with presence of depression
Sex
Depressed (N=43) n (%)
Not depressed (N=282) n (%)
Total N (%) Male 20 (46.5) 131 (46.5) 151 (46.5) Female 23 (53.5) 151 (53.5) 174 (53.5) Total 43 (100) 282 (100) 325 (100) X2=0.000, df=1, p=0.99
Table 32: Cross-tabulation of marital status of hypertensive subjects with presence of depression
Marital status
Depressed (N=43) n (%)
Not depressed (N=282) N (%)
Total N (%) Never married 0 (0) 6 (2.1)) 6 (1.8) Married 31(72.1) 218 (77.3) 249 (76.6) Divorced 3 (7.0) 7 (2.5) 10 (3.1) Widowed 9 (20.9) 51 (18.1) 60 (18.5) Total N (%) 43 (100) 282 (100) 325 (100) X2= 3.66, df =3, p=0.30
Table 33: Cross-tabulation of educational level of hypertensive subjects with presence of depression
Educational level
Depressed (N=43) N (%)
Not depressed (N=282) n (%)
Total N (%) No formal education 10 (23.2) 51 (18.1) 61 (18.8) Primary education 19 (44.2) 99 (35.1) 118 (36.3) Secondary education 11 (25.6) 90 (31.9) 101 (31.1)
Tertiary education 3 (7.0) 42 (14.9) 45 (13.8) Total N (%) 43 (100) 282 (100) 325 (100) X2= 3.55, df=3, p=0.314
Table 34: Cross-tabulation of employment status of hypertensive subjects with presence of depression
Employment status
Depressed (N=43)
n (%)
Not depressed (N=282)
n (%)
Total N (%) Employed 35 (81.4) 237 (84.0) 272 (83.7) Not employed 8 (18.6) 45 (16.0) 53 (16.3) Total 43 (100) 282 (100) 325 (100) X2=0.192, df=1, p=0.66
5.11 RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION AMONG HYPERTENSIVE