3. Supuestos en torno a la idea de participación infantil
3.2 El discurso del enfoque de derechos
To understand the interaction of Zuotin and Ssz1 on a structural basis, crystallization experiments were conducted (see 2.6.3.1). Previous experiments with wt RAC did not result in any crystals153, and since the major interest was to investigate the interaction of RAC’s subunits, the complex of S. cerevisiae Ssz1 and zuo1‐50 was used.
For the initial crystallization experiments highly purified HisRAC50 (Figure 19) was used, consisting of N‐terminally 6xHis‐tagged Ssz1 and zuo1‐50. Crystals could be obtained from the robot screen at a concentration of 10 mg/ml HisRAC50 in condition F12 of JBScreen Classic HTS I (Jena Bioscience) after four days. This condition contains 8 % w/v PEG 8000, 200 mM LiCl, and 50 mM MgSO4.
The condition was manually refined and crystals could be reproduced in several conditions. The best of those were i) 6 % w/v PEG 8000, 200 mM LiCl, and 100 mM MgSO4 (Figure 19A) and ii) 6 % w/v PEG 8000, 450 mM LiCl, and 50 mM MgSO4 (Figure 19B). The crystals from all conditions were similar in size and shape. Each drop yielded many crystals, growing as thin, layered plates. Many of those plates were bent, intergrown, or showed irregular edges or roundish corners. The largest ones grew to x/y‐dimensions of about 90 x 90 µm (Figure 19A). Values for the z‐dimension could not be determined since the crystals were too thin. Micro‐ and macro‐seeding experiments (see 2.6.3.2) did not improve crystal quality. The largest and best defined crystals were harvested (see 2.6.3.3) and various cryo‐protectants were tested: 15 % 2,3‐butanediol, 30 % glycerol, 25 % ethylene glycol (ethane‐1,2‐diol), or 25 % MPD (2‐methyl‐2,4‐pentanediol). The crystals were stable in 2,3‐butanediol or glycerol, while they cracked and dissolved quickly in ethylene glycol or MPD. X‐ray diffraction was measured for
R e s u l t s: R i b o s o m e ‐ a s s o c i a t e d c o m p l e x
the frozen crystals at the SLS synchrotron (Switzerland). All measured crystals were protein crystals, as could be judged from the diffraction patterns. However, the diffraction quality was very anisotropic and limited to ~10 Å along the best axis. No dataset was recorded.
Figure 19. Crystallization of truncated RAC
Gels. SDS‐PAGE analysis of gel‐filtration peak fractions for representative HisRAC50 or RAC50 purifications.
A & B. HisRAC50 crystals from manually refined conditions. C. RAC50 crystals with i) irregular edges and
corners or ii) multiple layers. D. Drop with RAC50 crystals after micro‐seeding. Many intergrown crystals along
the streak line and some individual ones towards the sides.
In an effort to improve crystal quality, the 6xHis‐tag was removed from the Ssz1 subunit on the DNA level and the complex was purified without using any tag. Crystals could be obtained from RAC50 (wt Ssz1 and zuo1‐50) samples under various conditions (Table 5) at proteins concentrations between 8 – 13 mg/ml. The most promising conditions were manually refined. Crystals needed 1 – 4 days to grow. Their appearance was similar to that of the crystals obtained for purified HisRAC50. Irregular shapes and intergrown, multi‐ layered crystals were frequently obtained (Figure 19C). A variety of techniques was used to improve crystal quality or shape: i) micro‐ and macro‐seeding, ii) variation of drop size and buffer to protein ratio; iii) reductive methylation of surface exposed lysine residues154, iv) crystallization in the presence of ATP or AMPPNP, v) screening for other additive compounds that might improve crystallization using Additive Screen (Hampton research), vi) screening of pH values, vii) crystallization using the NV10 compound (Expedeon), viii) incorporation of selenomethionine into the protein complex, ix) crystallization in gel155, x) crystallization with paraffin oil covered reservoirs, and xi) screening of various crystallization temperatures. No crystals of different shape could be obtained. Micro‐seeding yielded some crystals of improved quality as could be judged in the light microscope.
R e s u l t s: R i b o s o m e ‐ a s s o c i a t e d c o m p l e x
However, their general shape did not change, either (Figure 19D). The best crystals were obtained at a concentration of 9 mg/ml RAC50 in i) 7.1 % w/v PEG 4000, 210 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5, and 100 mM sodium citrate pH 5.5 or ii) 6.5 – 7 % w/v PEG 4000, 150 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5, and 100 mM sodium citrate pH 5.5 using micro‐seeding. Selected crystals were harvested and x‐ray diffraction was recorded at the ESRF (Grenoble) synchrotron. The quality of diffraction was anisotropic and most diffraction spots showed high mosaicity. With respect to the HisRAC50 crystals the diffraction slightly improved to 8 Å along the best axis, however, it was still not good enough for structure determination. No dataset was recorded.
Table 5. Commercial screen condition hits for RAC50 crystallization
Screen name – condition number Chemical composition Protein concentration
JBScreen Classic HTS I – D5 (Jena Bioscience) 10 % w/v PEG 4000 10 % w/v 2‐propanol 100 mM sodium citrate pH 5.6 10 mg/ml
JBScreen Classic HTS I – F12 8 % w/v PEG 8000 200 mM LiCl
50 mM MgSO4
13 mg/ml
JBScreen Classic HTS I – G2 10 % w/v PEG 8000 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5
200 mM CaCl2
13 mg/ml
Protein Complex Suite – A5 (QUIAGEN)
15 % w/v PEG 550 MME 100 mM MES pH 6.5
13 mg/ml
Protein Complex Suite – B3 10 % w/v PEG 4000 200 mM sodium acetate
100 mM sodium citrate pH 5.5
10 mg/ml
Protein Complex Suite – D7 15 % w/v PEG 6000
100 mM sodium citrate pH 5.5
13 mg/ml
Protein Complex Suite – E2 8 % w/v PEG 8000
100 mM sodium citrate pH 5
13 mg/ml
Protein Complex Suite – E3 8 % w/v PEG 8000 200 mM NaCl
100 mM sodium cacodylate pH 6
10 mg/ml
Protein Complex Suite – F10 1 M (NH4)2SO4
100 mM Tris pH 8
13 mg/ml