In this chapter, the writer will explain the methods from the beginning until the end in analyzing the data in order to get an empiric conclusion. The methods are:
A. The Type of Research
According to Djajasudarma (1993: 9) there are two types of research, namely, quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research contains every kinds of research based on percentage, table, and the other statistical counting. While, qualitative research is a certain tradition in social science which fundamentally depends on the person and his surrounding through his language. In this research, the writer conducts a descriptive qualitative research. This is a descriptive research because it describes the data. Then, the data are explained in order to get the information about illocutionary act in children speech and their communication strategies.
This research is also the type of cross sectional research. This is to study every level of certain period. This is as a result of the fact that this research only takes three levels of children (3,4 and 5 years old) as the data.
Study cross sectional berupaya mempersingkat waktu observasi dengan cara mengobservasi pada beberapa tahap atau tingkat perkembangan tertentu.
Study cross sectional coped takes a short cut observation time by the way of observation at some phases or level of certain development (Muhadjir, 1998:
38).
22 B. The Data Source
The most important thing in this research is the accuracy of the data.
By using the accurate data, we will get the more an accurate data. According to how the data are collected, there are two kinds of data. First, primary data are a data which are collected directly from the object, which is the original data. Next, secondary data are a data which are collected first by other researcher. It could be a document or notes. It can also be used as the supporting data of the primary one (Susilo2003:24).
The data which is used in this thesis is a primary data likes utterances in children speech. The data are taken from the recording of children speech.
The children who are studied by the writer are Hamam (3 years old), Fitriya Annisa Faadilla (4 years old), and Qonita (5 years old). This is because those children at the pre operational stage are already able to produce at least three thousand words and they are in the linguistics level. The writer is also used the secondary data to support the thesis. After getting the recording or the note of the children conversation, the writer consults it to their parents. Therefore, it becomes the secondary data.
C. Method of Collecting Data
The method of collecting data in this research is Simak method by Sudrayanto. Execution of method correct reading early with tapping technique. Then, as continuation technique the writer uses both of Simak Libat Cakap and Simak Bebas Libat Cakap techniques.
In using the Simak Libat Cakap the writer involves in the conversation
23 of the object. The writer has a chat to the children of 3-5 years old. It is also said by Sudaryanto (1993: 134).
Ciri khas pelaksanaan berpartisipasi sambil menyimak itu ialah diakui dan disadarinya.
Keikutsertaan si peneliti dalam proses pembicaran oleh lawan bicaranya yang bersosok kongkret itu dan beserta hal tersebut, si lawan bicara sama sekali tidak tahu bahwa yang diperhatikan olehnya bukan isi pembicaraan dari lawan bicara, melainkan bahasa yang digunakan lawan bicara tersebut.
The special character of the action of participating in simak technique is confessed and realized by the researcher. The taking part of the researcher in the conversation of the speech partner, in this case, the speech partner does not know that the matter that is paid attention by the researcher is the language of the speech partner not the content of the conversation.
The Simak Bebas Libat Cakap technique is used when the children is talking to the people around them. According to Sudaryanto (1993:134), in SBLC technique, the researcher is only observing the conversation of the object without involving in that conversation. Here, the writer sees and takes a note after observing the conversation.
The continuation technique of SLC and SBLC are recording technique and writing technique. The writer records the children conversation. The recording technique is done without being known by the object of the research. Besides, the writer records the conversation; the writer also takes note of the conversation of the children.
D. Population and Sample
According to Arikunto (2002: 108), the population is the all elements
24 which are the object of the research. In this research, the population is all speeches which are spoken by the children in the pre operational stage, especially the children under five years old.
Meanwhile, sample is a half of the population. There are a lot of techniques to get the sample by Danim. This research uses the purposive sample to get the sample. According to Danim (2004: 98), the purposive sample is done on the strength of the consideration of the writer.
E. Method Analyzing Data
This research uses padan method to analyze the data. According to Sudaryanto (1993:13) in Padan method, the determination means which is used in a research is the aspect outside the language itself. It is a method in which the indicator device is the outside factor of the language. The technique which is used in this research is Padan Pragmatik. Padan pragmatik is used in the research because the indicator device of the research is the children’s utterance.
Furthermore, the analysis of illocutionary act by Vanderveken will be the basis in determining the speech act of the children speech. The six components in determining a speech act by Vanderveken are the illocutionary point, mode of achievement, propositional content condition, preparatory condition, sincerity condition, and degree of strength.
In analyzing the communication strategy of the children of 3-5 years old, the writer uses the communication strategy by Brown and Levinson. The communication strategy by Brown and Levinson are say something or say nothing. In saying something, a person can do on or off record. Then, if they say something on record, they can choose to use the face saving act and bald
25 on record. In doing face saving act, it is resulted in the form of positive and negative politeness.
F. The Method of Presenting the Results
For presenting the results, the writer uses informal method. This is because the writer uses natural language in writing the results (Sudaryanto, 1993: 145).
The following is the way of the writer presents the results:
1. The writer groups every utterance to their speech act classification.
2. The writer explains the strategy of those utterances.
26 CHAPTER IV