V. CAPITULO: DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS
5.2. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS CON LOS REFERENTES BIBLIOGRÁFICOS DE LAS
pe nele wyrcan god weorc (CH:III-031)
Ôe mihte behwyrfan ôa halgan martiras mid gastlicum sanguin and Godes gerihtum (CH:XVIII-153)
se ôe nele underfon nan ping ær æt us ('SH:XV-209) 0 - V - v (CH=4;SH=4)
pe hire derigan wolde (ÇÜ:X-150)
se pe hungrigum oÔÔe nacodum gehelpan mæg (CH:XII-322) pe us læran sceolon (SH:XIV-068)
pe us tosliton wyllaô (SH:XX-344) V - 0 - V (ÇH=0;M=0)
V - V - 0 (ÇH=0;M=2)
l>e habban sceolon bæt beofonlice lif CSH:XV-088)
The most frequently encountered position of the direct object is j between the finite and non-finite verb. The direct objects tend to be
of Hght or medium weight, though this is by no means invariable as may be seen by CH:X-019, where an exceptionally heavy direct object, heofonan rices infmr, is found. Also well represented is the order of direct object preceded by a verb phrase of the form finite verb - non-finite verb. Examples here are medium or heavy in weight. The positioning of the direct object before a complex verb of the form finite verb - non-finite verb is found in S_H. In three examples, including SH:II-080. the alliterative scheme may be regarded as responsible for the variation from the usual pattern; in SH:XIV-099 alliterative needs are augmented by the stylistic device of echoing the noun gesetnyssa by verb gesette as Godes gesetnvssa, be he gesette to steore.
Fewer examples of complex verbs of the type non-finite verb finite verb are found. The positioning of the direct object relative to these constructions has much to do with their weight. Thus, of the examples of 0-V-v, three have a pronoun as direct object (though it must be noted that one has the heavy phrase hungrigum o55e nacodum). The examples of a direct object after a complex verb of this type are heavy (pæs geleafan leoht, 8jl:lI-076, and pæt heofonHce Uf, S H :XV-088); the two examples of direct objects within the complex
verb show one pronoun and one qualified noun.
The picture is one of great flexibility in the positioning of the direct object. Though weight does play a part in the ordering of elements, it would appear that stylistic considerations, particularly alliterative restraints, may readily influence the patterning. Direct objects follow the subject in all instances; this reflects the strong tendency of the subject to take initial position in a clause.
CHAPTER THREE - DEPENDENT CLAUSES 144
The order of indirect object and simple verb.
The sample from Cjl is of 39 clauses. Of these, 37 (95%) have the order indirect object - verb, and two (05%) the order verb - indirect object. The sample from is of 74 clauses, of which 55 (74%) have the order indirect object - verb, and 19 (26%) have the order verb - indirect object. Examples of indirect object - verb order showing
various indirect object weights from Ç Ü include:
se ôe him sylfum gold hordaô (CH:VII-099) seo be us benab lifes hlaf (CH:VIII-102)
pe
He Abrahame and his ofspringe behet (CH:XII-182)The two examples of verb - indirect object are:
be God behet Abrahame (CH:IV-173)
pe is gegearcod bam de of le and his awyrigendum gastum (ÇH: VII-162)
Weight does not appear a particularly helpful criterion for explaining the motivations for this element-order. It may be noted however that the pronominal indirect objects (a sample of 25) all fall before the verb; the two instances of indirect object following the verb occur in cases where the indirect object is of medium or heavy weight. In GH:IV-173 a stylistic device may explain the order, as /Elfric seeks to place a rhetorical distance between God and Abraham. The clause pe he eallum gesette g eleaffullum leodum lareow and hyrde, CH:XIV-141, is an example of an indirect object eallum .... geleafuHum leodum which is split by the verb. It. may be suggested that its particularly heavy weight encouraged the placing of this indirect object after the verb, while the strong tendency in Old English to place an indirect object before a verb promoted the curious splitting of the noun
From examples of indirect object - verb order include:
be mid sobfæstnysse him to clypiab on heora gedrefednysse (M:V-183)
pe hiom soblice behreowsiab heora misdæda on eallum middanearde (SH:VI-260)
Examples of verb - indirect object order include:
pæt ic s03de soblice nu eow (SH:X-017) pe bu gedemest m a n n u m CSH:XIlI-075)
pe God bebead gefyrn pam e aid an Israhele under Moyses lage (M:XV-009 and XV-125)
pe we maciab Bele (SH:XXI-382l
As is the case with indirect object position for _CH, weight may not be seen as an explanation for the distribution.
The order of indirect object and complex verb
Two of the six theoretically possible element-orders are attested. Figures and a selection of examples are as follows:
V - V - I (CH = 1;M=2)
pe is gegearcod bam de of le and his awyrigedum gastum (CH:VII-162)
se be ne mæg gepafian his underpeoddum m a n n u m (S_H:XIII-063) pe wœs gemynt pam gode (SH:XXI-427)
I - V - V (CH=1;M=2)
be him betœhte syndon (GH:III-239) be eow gegearcod wæs (SH:XI-410) pe he him geset hæfde CSH:XX-260)
As the sample for this category is small, it is possible to offer only general observations on this pattern. The weight of the indirect
CHAPTER THREE - DEPENDENT CLAUSES 146
object appears to be the prime factor determining its position. Thus the three examples of an indirect object before a verb are alL pronouns, and two of the three examples of indirect object after the complex verb are heavy (his awyrigendum gastum and his underpeoddum m a n u m ; the third instance has medium weight pam gode).
The order of direct and indirect objects.
The sample from CH. is of seven clauses. Of these, three have the order direct object - indirect object, and four indirect object - direct object. The three examples of direct object - indirect object are;
pe hit us alænde (CH:VII-045)
se be bone heofenlican fodan him brohte (CH:X-072)
se be hine sylfne for urum synnum geoffrode lif He e onsægnysse his le of an fœder (CH:XIV-067)
The first of these examples shows two pronominal objects, a case where it might be reasonable to suppose that the order direct object “ indirect object may well have been well established. The second example shows the pronominal indirect object in its expected position before the verb; the element in an unusual position is bone heofenlican fodan, which may be regarded as being fronted in order to make it the focus of that clause, and to stress the contrast with bæs eorblican in the following clause, and bæs eorblican ne rohte. The third example should probably be regarded as showing the influence of weight. The direct object hine svlfne, which is the Hghter of the two objects, is placed before the verb, while the heavier indirect object his le of an fsader is placed after the verb.
The four examples of the order indirect object - direct object are;
pe him lac brohton (CH:III-003) . 1 se be hine ondræt God (CH:III-297)
seo be us be nab lifes hlaf (ÇH: VIII-102) pe us Hfes edwist forgifb (CH:XV-137)
These examples reflect the relative weight, of the two objects as the motivation for their relative position, with the pronominal indirect object in all cases proceeding the heavier direct object.
The sample from SJl is of 15 clauses, all of which have the order indirect object - direct object, and provide additional evidence that the order of the objects is determined by their relative weights, for example Pe him wæstmas agyfab on gewissum timan, SH:III-138.
The order of complement and simple verb.
The sample from Cjl is of 47 clauses. Of these, nine (19%) have the order of complement - verb, and 38 (81%) that of verb - complement. Examples of complement - verb order include;
be we husel hatab (CH;XV-133) be unleas is (CH;XX-017)
Examples of the order verb - complement include;
se be is mgber ge God ge mann an Crist (CH;I-040) se be is strengra ponne ic (CH;III-052)
be hi hatab Paulus gesihbe (CH;XX-014)
The sample from SH is of 86 clauses, of which 66 (77%) have the order verb - complement, and 20 (23%) the order complement - verb. Examples of complement - verb order include;
CHAPTER THREE - DEPENDENT CLAUSES 148
pe he God is (M:VIII-210)
se be ungetrywe bib on pam læssan pinge (SH:XVI-282) |
Examples of verb - complement order include:
se be is ælmihtig God æfre unbegunnen of bam Fasder and of pam Suna heora begra Lufu (SH:VI-256)
se be is his wisdom (SH:XXI-020)
The distribution may be explained by the weight of the complement, heavy complements following the verb, and complements of light or medium weight preceding the verb. The frequency of complements after the verb is a result of the tendency for complements to be heavy.
The order of complement and complex verb
Most complex verbs in clauses with complements are of the form finite verb - non-finite verb. As the sample is small - 21 instances from Ç Ü and 12 from - the two groups have been presented together. Figures and examples are as follows:
C - V - V (CH=0;SH = 1)
pe Ian g sum beon ne mæg (SH:VI-145) C - V - V (CH=0;M=2)
se pe læst bib gebuht on pam life wunigende (SH:XI-555) V - C - V (CH=7;SH=3)
pe is Lindisfarnea gehaten (CH:X-142)
seo wæs fif mila fram Hierusalem E m m a u s gehaten (CH:XVI-Q04) se be ys Crist gecweden (SH:V-206)
pe wæs Helias gehaten (SH:VIII-079)
Ih:-:: . ■ ----i ■ ^.-1..;: : : --- --- :— r"-'-r , ^ y;-'f ' i ■I ■Ï
I
J
%pe is Liber Regum gehaten (SH:XXI-210)