Diseño del cluster de balanceo de carga genérico para propuesta de solución

them that Peter was standing at the gate' Acts 12.14.

3. Kararpiym: to run down to. os e^amr)$ wapaka(3mp orpaTtcoTas KCU eKaroprdpym Ka.Tebpap.ep eV avrovs 'at once he took some officers and soldiers and ran down to them' Acts 21.32.

4. TTpooTpeyia: to run into the presence of someone. TrpoorpeyoPTes

r)o7rdCoPTo avrop 'they ran up to him and greeted him' Mark 9.15.

5. TrpoTpeyco: to run ahead of someone else, with the implication of arriving at a destination sooner. Ttpobpapwp eh TO epirpoaQev 'so he ran ahead to the front (of the crowd)' Luke 19.4.

6. eKTrqbdui: to run or rush out quickly. bcapprj^aPTes m iparm avrmp

e^eTrqbrjcrap els ^TOP oykop 'they tore their clothes and rushed out into the middle of the crowd' Acts 14.14.

7. eio-jTvbdco: to run or rash quickly into. ouTr/cras be (f>u)Ta eio~e7rr}br}(rep 'and he called for a light and rushed in' Acts 16.29.

8. TTepL7faT€m^&: to walk along or around. TrepmuTmp be irapd ^TTJP

ddkaoaap TT)S Takikaias 'as he walked by Lake Galilee' Matthew 4.18.

This cluster is unusual in that so many of the distinguishing features are clearly marked by the preposed compounded elements irept, els, Kara, e/c, wpos, and wpo, but it would be a mistake to assume that the stem remains the same in all contexts. Not all of these lexemes designate the linear motion of running in these contexts. For example, in Mark 6.55 the text probably does not mean that the people ran throughout the entire region, but that people throughout the region went quickly and collected the sick whom they wished to bring to Jesus. In any event, the people may have done some running, but it was not a marathon. Problem 31.

In the case of iKWTjbdm In Acts 14.14 and eiarwrjbdm in Acts 16.29, the persons involved may very well have run, but the focus seems to be on the rapid movement rather than the actual motion of running.

A more typical cluster of meanings may be found In the following com-plexly organized set of meanings:

1. ^{y f )b:} dry land, in contrast with the sea, ^{TO be} irkolop ⁷⁷⁸⁷⁷ o-raBlovs TTokXovs chro TT)S yfjs dwetyep 'the boat was already far away from the land* Matthew 14.24.

2. wapdkms: a territory bordering on the sea, in contrast with an inland area. 7rkrj6os irokv ^TOV kaov dwo...rr} ⁵ wapaklov Tvpov ^KCLL 2,ib&vo$

'a great crowd of people from,..the coastal region of Tyre and Sidon*

Luke 6.17.

3. )(€ikos^a: the strip of land close to a body of water, cos* 17 a/4/409 rj wapa TO \elkos TT\S dakdcrcrrjs 17 dvapi&fjijjTos 'as innumerable as the sand on the shore of the sea' Hebrews 11.12.

4. alymkos: a strip of land immediately bordering the edge of a body of water and gradually sloping down into the water, mkwov be TWO.

K0.Ti.v60w eypvTo. aiyiakav 'they noticed a bay with a beach' Acts 27.39.

5. ap.p.osh a sandy beach or shore, corcifti km ^rrjv dppov rf ⁹ dakdaaris 'he stood on the shore of the sea' Revelation 12,13.

6. vrjaos: an area of land completely surrounded by water. iwiyvmfAev on MekiTij rj vfjaos xaXetrat 'we learned that the island was called Malta' Acts 28.1.

7. ^TOWOS biddkaao-os: a bar or reef produced in an area where two cur-rents meet. mpmemvTes be ^{eh TOTTOV} biOdkacraov ^{iweKeikav TTJV} vavv 'but the ship ran into a sandbank and went aground' Acts 27.41.

This series of meanings is rather unusual because in each instance the primary shared feature depends on a contrast with something which is not included in the cluster, namely, a body of water. And within this set the distinctions in meaning in Items 2 through 5 differ primarily in terms of (1) the distance from the water and (2) the breadth of territory near the water. In each case the terms may designate a strip of land which borders the water, but wapdkms would appear to be a somewhat broader band than )(€tA.o?^a, with xeZkos* broader than aiymkos, and alymkos broader than dpp.os^h.

The phrase ^TOWOS bi9dkacro-os is one of those fixed phrases of doubtful meaning which may designate either (1) a sandbar or reef usually under the surface of the water or (2) a place where two currents meet, i.e. cross-currents, a place where sandbars are often formed. Problem 32.

But in order to grasp more adequately the methods of analysis and their implications for explicating complex semantic relations, it is better to begin with a highly restricted set of meanings and then gradually take on more complex sets of relations. In this way one can better appreciate the complex nature of domain structures and be able to recognize more readily some of the

ANALYZING THE RELATED MEANINGS OF DIFFERENT LEXEMES 89

underlying problems. In fact, it may be useful to begin by examining a set of meanings in English associated with the terms run, walk, skip, and crawl.

The only meanings of the terms run, walk, skip, and crawl which are rele-vant are those which have significant features in common, namely, movement in space by an animate being using the limbs. This immediately eliminates the meaning of run in run for office, the meaning of walk in lie built a walk around the house, of skip in he skipped class, and of crawl in the traffic came to a crawl.

In an initial analysis it may even be useful to restrict a series of meanings in a somewhat artificial manner in order not to be confused by too many alternative interpretations. Accordingly, it may be desirable to restrict this series of meanings to those which are relevant to the movement of human beings, since four-looted animals do not skip (except in poetry) and the order and movement of limbs differs greatly depending upon differences of speed and gait.

Having reduced the area of analysis to a small set and having determined the shared features, it is essential to look for the distinguishing or diagnostic features. Most people assume the diagnostic feature between run and walk would be speed, but in reality some people can and do walk faster than others usually ran. As already noted, the distinctive contrast is really the relation of the feet to the surface. In running there are repeated moments when neither foot is in touch with the supporting surface, but In walking one foot or the other is in touch with the surface at all times. This Is the one crucial differ-ence between running and walking, despite the fact that the psychologically more relevant distinction is one of speed, which underlies the use of run in such expressions as I'll run do it, implying quick action, although not neces-sarily actual running. For run there are also the supplementary features of energy and competition, and these underlie the extended meaning of run in he ran for office.

The distinguishing feature between ship and run or walk is one of order of the limbs. In run or walk the order is 121212 etc., while in skipping the order is 112211221122, with moments in which neither foot is touching the surface or is only lightly touching it. Skipping also has supplementary features of recreational activity.

In contrast with run, walk, and skip, the distinctive feature in the meaning of crawl is the use of all four limbs in various orders, but with at least two limbs touching the supporting surface at all times. But added features involve slowness, and often unfavorable circumstances.

It is essential to note that in the analysis of run, walk, skip, and crawl, we have not been talking about the terms run, walk, skip, and crawl, but only about certain meanings of these terms. Accordingly, it is entirely misleading

to talk about "the meaning of run" because run has a great many meanings, which fit into a number of different domains. Compare, for example, the following types of contexts:

1. the water runs 2. his wife runs him 3. he runs the office

4. the ship runs from New York to Eotterdam 5. the motor runs

6. the run on the bank 7. the run in her stocking 8. he built a run for the chickens 9. they live up the run

10. he ran the horse in the third race

Each one of these contexts involves a different designative meaning of run. And it should be obvious that in analyzing any set of related meanings of different lexemes, it is essential to determine precisely which meaning of each lexeme is being compared.

Even when a particular meaning of a word like run has been determined for a specific type of context, the analytical process is often not complete since in very similar contexts the same distinctive features may not be rele-vant. For example, when a snake moves slowly over a surface most people normally speak of the movement as crawl, but if it moves rapidly, many peo-ple use the term run, though certain other terms can also be used, e.g. slide, slither, streak, and dash. Should run in the context a snake ran across the lawn be grouped with run in the context the boy ran fast or should the fast move-ment of a snake be regarded as a completely distinct meaning? Intuitively most persons would lump the fast movement of a snake with that of a person or four-footed animal, despite the fact that a snake has no limbs and the body is constantly in touch with the supporting surface. In this case the significant feature is speed, which in a sense compensates for the loss of two of the dis-tinctive features of running by humans and quadrupeds. The same feature of speed is also relevant for movement by insects, spiders, and crabs.

Accordingly, the statement about the distinctive features of run must be modified to indicate that for arthropods and snakes the distinctive feature is speed rather than the relation to the supporting surface.

This seeming inconsistency and irregularity in the distinctive features of meaning should not be regarded as either unusual or contradictory. The fact that a feature is diagnostic in certain contexts but not in others is quite

com-ANALYZING THE RELATED MEANINGS OF DIFFERENT LEXEMES 9 1

moil. This semantic "fluidity" is the norm, not the exception, as has already been noted in Chapter 3, and will be even more evident in the rest of this chapter.

It may be helpful at this point to compare four Greek terms expressing various types of movement;

1. rpi\ix>^&: bpapuiv ertmemv em TOP rpayykop avrov KCU KaTefftikno-ev amov 'he ran and threw his arms around him and kissed him' Luke 15.20.

2. wepmarim¹¹: mpmai&v be irapd ^TTJP ddXacraav rf}$ TaMKaim 'as he walked by Lake Galilee' Matthew 4.18.