Diseño del Algoritmo del Controlador PD Difuso

Motion and transformation take place in both quality and quantity – in the very substance of things.

Mulla Sadra (ca.1571-1641), Persian philosopher My purpose here is to describe the ontological commitment forming in this research, and the commitment to the kind of entities that exist within a naturalised theory of transport. This section describes my transport ontology and commitment to theories of transport systems. My

commitment to the entities and processes underlying metaphysics from which the transport theories described in this thesis have been developed. There is a sameness of ontology across all living systems at least with respect to the concept of transport. The ontological schema pertaining

to transport, that is, its commitments, and the types of relationships it holds exists between these items, at one level maps onto other levels.

Firstly, there is an ontological commitment to selection processes that arise through the mechanisms of dissipative processes of energy flows. Dissipative systems select the most direct path available to a state of maximum entropy. One example is the observable and nomological way that energy flows within systems always take the quickest or shortest path toward a high entropy state in river systems. Where multiple channels exist such as in a braided river system, water flow will always select the combination of channels that maximise the overall flow within the channel. Should a bulldozer, for example, close off a flowing channel, the system immediately optimises flows in other channels and this demonstrates a physical natural selection process constantly at play in all similar process at all scale.

Swenson’s identification that entropy production always selects the shortest path within the constraints of a system offers a nomothetic basis for the selectivity of thermal gradients in all processes and for all materials and mechanisms at different scales. This allows for material subject to transport processes in thermal gradients to select for and get close enough to assemble

structures that have different and new properties to their component parts

The neo-materialist philosophy therefore requires a commitment to the occurrence of active transport in natural systems, that moves materials to far from equilibrium states. Active transport processes are powered by sources of low entropy high quality energy for processes that ‘climb’ gradients and so move interacting matter away from equilibrium. Active transport as a process gains its energy source from the assemblage activities of complex structures that are themselves selected for as energy flows dissipate through their material systems.

There is also a required commitment to processes that transport matter-energy in intensive

environments that enable the expression of the immanent properties of those materials. It commits to the reality of materials with immanent properties that are expressed as things in the world. Those things have extensive properties such as length, weight, mass etc, and those entities come about through intensive interactions of matter through forces such as heat, pressures, and chemical gradients. As gradients generate the moving parts of large wholes (DeLanda, 2011, p.9), intensive differences result in the formation of novel extensive expression of new entities. What is important is that the extensive properties of entities are different to an understanding of the intensive processes that produced them. If an alternative view is taken where materials are considered inert in such an analysis, then the production of novelty cannot be fully understood with a neo-

materialist ontology and can only be understood through an appeal to non-material entities such as ideal forms, or essences. The expression of immanent properties follows from the capacity of matter to affect and to be affected.

A commitment to material selection processes allows a formative role for transport in the active material probing of possibility space. The ontological commitment here is that a possibility space is a material thing, within which attractions and gradients are explored. Bossel, for example, describes a space that is like a braided river as similar to the concept of possibility space, where the flow can take one or many channels, but is confined within physical limits as set by the banks of the river (Bossel, 1998). Inherent in this is that any one flow solution does not rule out the existence of any others that could exist between the banks including channels that could be there but do not exist at present. While not all river channels are used, the dry channels remain as potential flows and are still instrumental in the overall design and flow within the riverbed. Within the riverbanks there is a real set of possible flow patterns while at any one time only one set is actual. This leads me to consider that the ‘how’ of path selection is different to the ‘why’ and the metaphysics of transport theory suffers from the less that clear expression of the difference that leads to a less than full answer to the question.

The idea that a braided river has a set of real flow patterns that may never become actual is a concept also found in Deleuzian philosophy, where the virtual possibilities are real, but in this case only some flow channels are virtual and actual. In this philosophy things that are actual are

considered as an ‘event’ and not a state, indicating the processual nature of the world considered with Deleuzian ontology. In the case of a braided river the actual channel patterns emerge through interactions of variable and sometimes pulsing flow rates and the material properties of the river bed and rock structures. The constraints are how large, small, smooth, or flat, the rocks are and how well they are aggregated and layered and the amount of stratification of the layers as the result of river sorting properties of rocks, pebbles, and sand. Changes and feedback in the flow caused by changes to other channels in the system also act on the total flow systems in the channel. The emergence of new channels can be anticipated when critical points in flow cause abrupt transition, but the emergent new pattern itself is incalculable. The analysis of the parts, or what can happen will not produce a diagram of the interactions that lead to the emergence of a new channel

structure. River dynamics also change when conditions exceed the boundaries of the state space. In an extreme event the river bursts its banks as a bifurcation, forming a new flow system with

different banks and flow paths. The flat land of the Canterbury plains is the result of combinations of flows changing from laminar to turbulent, and system bifurcation points that select completely

new channels at times of peak pulses in the river system. From this we can say that the current extensive state of its grasslands is caused by but not directly identifiable as intensive process that moved rocks, loess and biota over an area that was once ocean floor.

Singularities and possibility space require a commitment to the same abstract architecture and machinic processes that share different mechanical processes, at different scales and consisting of different materials. The change processes of the abstract machines are most easily discernible in far from equilibrium systems, where the effects of intensive differences are most exposed to

interrogation. The process outcomes of abstract machines result in the different to and not physically obvious in the final shape of material entities even though they are central to the

development of that form. Molecular research, for example, is finding ways to identify the structure and outputs of abstract machinic processes at micro scales, using descriptions that relate to neo- materialist metaphysical terms.

To mimic the abstract machines that result in analysable extensive properties, simulation

techniques can be applied to vary the properties of different parts of the sub assemblages and then look at how this varies the resultant extensive properties. It seems that the transport of matter is particularly influential in determining the nature of those emergent properties. From this it seems that at human scale, modelling the effects of changes in the intensive properties of an assemblage by varying of the influence of transport appears to be central to the magnitude and effects of social change. This suggests that transport factors have a dominant level of effect when combined with modelling of all the other extensive changes able tb be measured in an evolving system. Examples of those measures affected by transport are number of tonnes of fertiliser, or the number of animals a stock truck can carry, but what the nonlinear effects on an assemblage are of changes to say, fertiliser rates or stocking rates. The changes transport makes here are intensive changes to the abstract architecture of that assemblage. They are the changes where the architecture operates consistently with Odum’s tripartite altruistic feedback and feed forward mechanism.

Governance systems considered in this way are also real entities with emergent properties have the same ontological reality in social systems, as do the emergent properties of governance systems in natural systems. While social governance systems include and require the presence of human minds, that doesn’t mean that human beings have a different ontological status to other entities in the system. That is because transport ontology commits to human beings themselves being part of natural system of the earth with the same contingent existence as all other entities.

Having knowledge about to the processes resulting in novelty in the world requires a commitment to the reality of emergent properties of real entities that are formed through assemblages of a range of materials. This in term allows that transport systems operate within these heterogeneous structures, helping to bring out the content and expression of the entity. Transport mechanism operating as assemblages themselves are very influential in shaping the emergent properties of assemblages because their power to affect is high due to their consumption of high quality energy and capacity to move materials close enough to interact in the formation of new entities with new properties that are analysable but that are not reducible.

Energy flow when considered within transport ontology is a prerequisite of emergence. Energy is transported through flows of heat, or chemical gradients from one place to another bring about the opportunity for material interaction. That flows of energy and matter are described alongside transport processes at the instantiation of the first cellular organism offers insight into the birth of the first living entities on earth. Transportation processes here support a meta- ontological

commitment that allows opportunity for all life forms to draw environmentally available energy into themselves where it can be harnessed by processes such as ATP. Flow is therefore a material implication of transport, so everywhere there is flow it can be assumed that transport exists to create opportunity for new, evolutionary assemblages.

Immanent properties and epistemic acts are possible through a commitment to the existence of material and chemical information that flows in systems. Transportation capacity can then develop in entities that use information about their environment to act on local materials to further increase the flows of materials. Transport can then be described a function that increases the inward flow of materials to assemblages, and so demonstrates its highly influential power to affect the emergence of novel properties. Time also exists as part of the abstract architecture of the directional flow of energy and as a property of the segmentation of the concept of ‘the plane of immanence’. This structuring property of movement and time leads me to consider that the uni-directional and non- reversible processes that create entropy in energy-matter space have the effect of creating a time dimension, where as part of its abstract architecture of an Einsteinian energy/matter conception, the resulting material assemblages probe a defined possibility space to produces new entities with novel properties11 _{in a dimensional environment}

11 _{This idea has speculative value but is not essential to setting out a naturalized ontology of transport}

processes. It develops the relationship if ideas within Deleuze’s plane of immanence and Swenson’s minimal ontology.