4.2. Método de la curva de reacción de ZIEGLER-NICHOLS
4.2.1. Diseño de la etapa de controlador del lazo de vapor
Tuvalu is one of the smallest groups of islands located midway between Hawaii and Australia. It is comprised of 9 islands and is among the low lying groups of islands in the Pacific with land no more than 5 meters above sea- level. The outer islands can be reached only by boats. Tuvalu has a population of 11,000 people living on a land area of 26 square kilometres. Half of this population resides on Funafuti, the capital of Tuvalu. The population of Funafuti consists of 5 inter-island communities and each of the islands has their own traditional meeting house where meetings and island activities are conducted. People identify mostly with the island which they come from. Funafuti is the centre of the country’s economic, political and social activities. The country faces challenges of remoteness, lack of scale economies, weak institutional capacity, and significantly sea-level rise and other climate change effects which threaten the low lying atolls, food security, economy and the welfare of the people. Tuvalu is almost entirely dependent on foreign aid. The country’s revenue is derived from fishing licensing, remittances from seafarers, surpluses from the country’s trust fund and the rent of its internet extension, dot.tv. Income earnings are sufficiently high and remittances have also significantly raised the standard of living of people. A large proportion of the country’s revenue is spent on food imports and on infrastructures. The lack of land and good soil on Tuvalu limits the ability of people to grow a variety of food crops. Most of the food trees grown on the islands include breadfruit, bananas, pawpaw, and coconut. On the island of Funafuti, vegetables are usually obtained from a small Taiwanese farm. The farm grows cabbage, lettuce and beans in boxes of good soil and sells them to the public on Fridays every week. Subsistence comprised mainly of fisheries resources and imported food products. Livestock is limited to pigs and chickens which are raised by individual families.
Tuvalu is a patrilineal society and men have always been traditionally observed as bosses, leaders, decision-makers and those who can speak openly in public. Women are traditionally stigmatized with domestic responsibilities and are not permitted to occupy any local leadership roles or speak in public gatherings. These roles have been culturally observed and accepted by both men and women as their allocated roles in the family and community. However, it is evident that there is high gender inequality given the patrilineal nature of the country.
Like many other Pacific Islands, gender based violence (GBV), particularly domestic violence is an issue that is not publicized but it does occur in a lot
Tuvalu
of families in Tuvalu. People have the general perception that there is no violence in their country mainly because domestic violence is normalized in all families and is treated as a highly private matter. It is a taboo subject to talk about openly because Tuvalu is a small place and people are very cautious about their individual and family reputations. Since domestic violence is a private matter, it is usually resolved by the couples themselves or families using cultural interventions but any form of outside intervention is strongly considered as interference in the family affairs. It is common for women to experience physical violence if they fail to perform their social obligations but these incidences are kept quietly within the family and not publicly exposed. Violence is used as form of discipline both on women and children and is culturally normalized by people and is acceptable.
The government of Tuvalu is taking a leading role in working collectively with governmental sectors to address gender based violence (GBV) in the country both at the international and national levels.
On the international level, Tuvalu has made commitments with the:
• Beijing Platform for Action, 1995
• Revised Pacific Platform for Action for the Advancement of Women and Gender Equality, 2004
• Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality 2005–2015.
• In 2005, Tuvalu ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).
• The country has also made commitments to address GBV in the country through the incorporation of Millennium Development Goals in its actions plans.
• At the national level, the government of Tuvalu has completed the following,
• In 2007, conducted the first Tuvalu Demographic Health Survey (TDHS)
• 2014 Development of a National Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Policy
• 2014-2016 Implementation of a Strategic Action
Plan
• 2014 passed a Family Protection and Domestic
Violence Act
• At present the government of Tuvalu is trying to
COUNTRY SNAP-SHOT
Independent since 1978. Member of ACP, PIF, PNA, UN.
Population: 10, 782 (ADB Annual Report 2015)
Demographics: Women: 50.7 % Men: 49.3 %
Landmass: 26 square kilometres EEZ: 719, 174 square kilometres
GENDER SNAP-SHOT
•
Gender violence: 46.6 % of women have experienced some form of violence by husbands and partners (UN Women 2012)•
Political representation: 7%•
Participation in economy: Female labour force - 78% Women - 36% in non-agricultural sectorEU SNAP-SHOT
There are currently no EU projects on gender based violence in Tuvalu
promote Gender Equality through the following:
• Mainstreaming of Gender in all governmental sectors to generate and provide opportunities for women in these sectors
• Change the Falekaupule Act 1997 to allow more participation of women in the administrative activities of the local council
Despite the implementation of National policies and strategies, the patriarchal nature of Tuvaluan society is still a major drawback to the progress of gender equality in the country. While commitments have been made to mainstream gender at the governmental level, it has not been supported by any allocation of resources or reflected in the work conducted by the government and its sectors; and women are still not equally included in the local government or decision making processes, but this is slowly changing with proposed amendments to the Falekaupule Act.
Women in Parliament
There are limited opportunities and cultural barriers to equal participation of women in parliament. From 1986 to 1993, only one woman was a parliamentarian, but there were none from 1993 to 2011, with only one elected again in 2013. While the electoral laws provide equal opportunities for men and women, the 2012 Tuvalu CEDAW Report highlights cultural barriers as drawbacks when women stand for elections.
Such cultural barriers include the traditional and stereotypical perceptions of women’s roles as domestic wives incapable of public speaking and occupation of leadership roles rather than seeing them based on their merits as candidates. The absence of political parties in the government also limits the number of seats that could have been available to the women. The government of Tuvalu is working to ensure that equal opportunities and adequate seats are made available for women in parliament and in leadership roles.
Violence against women
In Tuvalu, violence against women has long been observed in the community but it remains unreported by those affected because it is considered a private matter and is not talked about openly. The 2007 Tuvalu Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) showed that 84.6 percent of women have been subjected to some form of physical violence with their husbands or partners being the main perpetrators. Alcohol was identified as one of the causes of violence and about 72 percent of women had experienced physical, emotional or sexual violence when their husbands were excessively drunk compared to 27 percent of those whose partners did not drink. The survey indicated that half of the cases of violence were reported by women aged between 25 and 29 years of age. It also emphasized that violence against women was not influenced by the place of residence, employment and education status, and marital status.
Findings from the survey also revealed that women in Tuvalu have always been subjected to remaining silent concerning their violent experiences because they have been brought up to accept, tolerate and rationalize violence as a form of discipline and as a normal act in the family or between spouses.
Women and Employment
Women have always been perceived and confined to domestic responsibilities at home. Based on the TDHS only 57 percent of women are employed while 90 percent of the labour force consists of men. About 49 percent of the women were reported to be unemployed compared to 15 percent of men in the year preceding the survey. The majority of women work for cash only in non-agricultural sectors and over 60 percent of the employed women earn less income than their husbands or partners.
Women in Decision Making
In 2013, there were 41 senior positions within the public service of Tuvalu. This includes permanent secretaries, senior assistant secretaries, assistant secretaries and directors. Men dominate the senior positions within the Government. Since 2009, women have occupied 9 senior positions, 2 were permanent secretaries, 1 was senior assistant secretary, 3 were assistant secretaries and 3 were directors.
Women in Local Government
At the local government level in Tuvalu, decisions are made by the Falekaupule (island decision-making entity), with the Government Department of Rural Development and the Kaupule (the executive arm of the Falekaupule) as primary advisors. Women are not allowed to be part of the decision making or even to be present during decision-making meetings. The understanding is that the male as the head of the household represents women therefore dismissing the need for the presence and participation of women.
The absence of women’s voices at the local government level have resulted in the lack of understanding and interest about issues of women’s development in island communities and many women are unaware of what development issues are being decided on at the local level. A woman matai may participate in the decision-making process but is not eligible to cast a vote. Although the Falekaupule Act 1997 paves the way for the inclusion of women in the traditional decision-making process, it does not replace the existing traditional structures for decision-making on each island, which still exclude women. The Government has drafted laws to amend the Falekaupule Act to allow women’s involvement in debates for budgets of the Falekaupule.
This study is an anthropological analysis of how gender based violence is culturally conceptualized in Tuvalu in relation to the introduced Laws on discrimination and violence against women and children, and gender inequality. The study was carried out over a period of two and half weeks on Funafuti, the capital of Tuvalu where the majority of the population resides. It involved interviews with key stakeholders who have been involved in the implementation of national policies and action plans and also those who are engaged in the facilitation of various GBV projects and awareness programmes to address violence against women and children in the country. The study also involved a review of published materials on implemented policies and action plans, and Acts in Tuvalu.
The lack of a data and information on domestic violence and gender inequality in Tuvalu is a drawback to the study of GBV and gender inequality on the island of Funafuti because these concepts are newly introduced issues in the country and most people are unfamiliar with them. The completion of the first Tuvalu Family Health and Support Survey is an important document for the country that provides the basis for implementing a national policy and action plan to address GBV and also to allow key stakeholders to use
the results of the Survey as evidence of the high rate of violence against
women in their awareness programmes.