SISTEMA DE PUNTUACIÓN
6.2.3 DISEÑO DEL JUEGO CON GAME MAKER
This report presents the materials and methods used for evaluating the climate im- pact of PAMs in the waste sector in Finland. In addition, the materials and methods of fluorinated greenhouse gases are briefly discussed in the second part. The waste sector includes solid waste, waste water, and composting. Both baseline assessment and policy scenario assessment are discussed.
The calculations and relevant assumptions of the waste emissions projections are explained in detail. The main data sources are summarized in Tab. 17.
Table 17. Summary of relevant information sources for waste sector.
Category Activity Data Sources Comments (eg. updating)
Solid waste
disposal sites VAHTI-database: waste to landfills (excluding Aland) Finnish Biogas Plant Register: land- fill gas recovery
VAHTI data is updated annually and for some parts constantly
Published annually Wastewaters VAHTI-database: BOD, COD, N
input, efficiencies of wastewater treatment
Water and Sewage Works Register Register for Industrial Water Pollu- tion Control
see above
National data are updated annually at SYKE
Composting VAHTI-database
Water and Sewage works register
see above see above
Population Statistics Finland So far update in every three years for the scenario. Essential initial data for waste scenarios.
The emission calculation steps of different waste types are summarized below. The emissions of solid waste:
• The first step is to estimate waste amounts per year from different sectors. This includes MSW, ISW, municipal and industrial sludges, and CBW.
• Divide waste into different types according to the speed of decay. The waste is decaying, e.g.at the rate of slow, fast or default.
• Calculate the amount of emitted methane. This stage has three steps:
• Calculate the amount of generated methane. For this employ the IPCC equa- tions and guidance.
- Calculate the amount of recovered methane.
- Obtain emitted CH4 by substituting generated amount and recovered amount of methane into Eq. (27).
Wastewater emissions:
1. Calculate methane emissions of septic tanks, municipalities and industry using IPCC guidance.
2. Calculate nitrous oxide emissions of municipal, industry and fish farming. 3. Convert emissions into CO2e by using characterization factors.
Emission calculations of composting are straightforward but require corrected input data from VAHTI system.
1. Make necessary corrections to initial activity data and obtain the amounts of composted waste.
2. Make use of gas-specific emission factors and multiply amounts of composted waste by emission factors.
3. Convert emissions into CO2e by using characterization factors.
Emission projections for F-gases are made separately for each subsector and aggre- gated to obtain total emissions. Activity data is collected by Finnish Environment Institute through electronic surveys. However, the obtained activity data has to be further processed, e.g. missing data is imputed.
REFERENCES
Alaja, T. (2009). Emission abatement options and cost effects for fluorinated greenhouse gases – Emis- sion projections for fluorinated greenhouse gases up to 2050. Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE).
www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=113415&lan=fi , cited March 6,.2012
FCG (2010) Finnish Consulting Group Oy. Jätehuollon taloudellinen merkitys ja kustannukset. Reports of Ministry of the Environment 12/2010. (In Finnish)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2005) Statistical Databased FAOSTAT, April 2005.
Huhtinen K., Lilja R. Sokka L., Salmenperä H., Runsten S. (2007). Valtakunnallinen jätesuunnitelma vuoteen 2016. Taustaraportti. The Finnish Environment 16/2007 (in Finnish).
Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2010) Balance sheet for food commodi- ties 2008 and 2009 (preliminary). Helsinki 2010, 28 p. (In Finnish)
IPCC (2006) IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas inventories, Volume 5, Waste. www.ipcc-
nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol5.html, cited Dec. 2, 2011
IPCC (2000) IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/english/index.html, cited Dec. 14, 2011
Kautto P., Huhtinen K., Mela H., and Salmenperä H. (2010). Renewal of waste legislation – ex ante- evaluation of impacts iin three thematic areas. Reports of Finnish Environment Institute 4/2010. (In Finnish)
Lindh, P. (2010). Emission projections for fluorinated greenhouse gases in Finland up to 2050. Update of
projections published in 2009 (Alaja, 2009). Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). www.ymparisto.
fi/download.asp?contentid=127120&lan=fi , cited March 6,.2012
Myllymaa T., Moliis K., Tohka A., Isoaho S., Zevenhoven M., Ollikainen M., and Dahlbo H. (2008). Environmental impacts and costs of recycling and incineration of waste - The alternatives of regional waste management. The Finnish Environment 39/2008. (In Finnish)
State Treasury (2011) Netra – The Finnish State Internet Reporting. http://netra.fi, cited Jan. 20, 2012.
Statistics Finland (2009) Population projection 2006-2060. www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaenn/2009/va-
enn_2009_2009_09-09-30_tie001_en.html, cited Dec. 14, 2011.
Statistics Finland (2011a) Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Finland 1990-2009, National Inventory Re-
port under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol 2011. http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/khkinv/fin_
nir_20110415.pdf, cited Dec. 2, 2011.
Statistics Finland (2011b) Environmental and energy taxes. Description of statistics. www.stat.fi/meta/
til/yev.en.html, cited Jan. 20, 2012.
The ministry of Environment (2005) Evaluation of the Effect of Waste tax. Handout of Ministry of Envi-
ronment (In Finnish). www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=42668&lan=fi, cited Jan. 20, 2012.
University of Eastern Finland (2010) Reports and Studies in Forestry and Natural Sciences (In Finnish).
http://biokaasuyhdistys.net/index.php?option=com_content&vies=category&layout=blog&id=37& itemid=61, cited Jan. 20, 2012.
DOCU M E NTATION PAGE
Publisher Finnish Environment Institute Date
April 2012
Author(s) Maija Mattinen, Mikael Hildén and Jouko Petäjä
Title of publication Calculations of greenhouse gas emissions of waste sector and F-gases for policy scenarios in Finland
Publication series
and number The Finnish Environment 18/2012
Theme of publication Environmental protection
Parts of publication/ other project publications
The publication is available on the internet: www.environment.fi/publications
Abstract The UN’s climate agreement and European Union necessitate evaluation of the policy sectors, the
implementation of policy measures, and the achievement of the set goals. Last reporting about policies and measures for EU was done in 2011.
In this report the emission impact calculations of policies and measures targeting on waste sector and F-gases are described. Policy measures of these sectors fall in the remit of ministry of environment in Finland. The procedure of calculations in waste sector is explained in detail from methods and required input data. The calculations include emissions related to solid wastes, waste waters and composting. The scenario calculations are done with the aid of Excel-spreadsheet at the Finnish Environment Institute. In addition, the report discusses briefly the economical assessment of waste sector that has been identified as a target for development.
In the second part of the report, the data collection, calculation and reporting process of the F-gases are explained. More detailed explanation of emission scenario calculations has been documented in two reports written at the Finnish Environment Institute. This report presents briefly the main sources in sub-sector emission scenarios and gives and overview about the calculations.
Keywords greenhouse gases, wastes, F-gases, emissions, scenario, policy measure
Financier/ commissioner
ISBN ISBN
978-952-11-4026-6(PDF) ISSN ISSN 1796-1637 (online)
No. of pages
50 LanguageEnglish RestrictionsPublic Price (incl. tax 8 %)
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of publication Finnish Environment Institute, P. O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland Printing place
KUVAILU LE HTI
Julkaisija Suomen ympäristökeskus Julkaisuaika
Huhtikuu 2012
Tekijä(t) Maija Mattinen, Mikael Hildén ja Jouko Petäjä
Julkaisun nimi Calculations of greenhouse gas emissions of waste sector and F-gases for policy scenarios
in Finland
(Jätesektorin ja F-kaasujen kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen laskenta politiikkaskenaarioita varten Suomessa) Julkaisusarjan
nimi ja numero Suomen ympäristö 18/2012
Julkaisun teema Ympäristönsuojelu
Julkaisun osat/ muut saman projektin tuottamat julkaisut
Julkaisu on saatavana vain internetistä: www.environment.fi/publications
Tiivistelmä YK:n ilmastosopimus ja EU edellyttävät politiikka-alueiden ja politiikkatoimien toimeenpanon, vaikutusten sekä asetettujen tavoitteiden saavuttamisen arviointia ja raportointia. Tätä varten on luotu kansallisia seuranta- ja raportointikäytäntöjä. Viimeksi politiikkatoimista raportoitiin EU:lle vuonna 2011.
Tässä raportissa kuvataan jätesektorin sekä F-kaasuihin kohdistuvien politiikkatoimien vaikuttavuuden arviointiin liittyvää päästölaskentaa. Näihin molempiin kohdistuvat politiikkatoimet kuuluvat Suomessa ympäristöministeriön vastuualueeseen.
Jätesektorin päästöjen ja päästöskenaarioiden laskentatapa on selostettu yksityiskohtaisesti lähtien menetelmistä ja tarvittavista lähtötiedoista. Laskentaan kuuluvat kiinteän kaatopaikkajätteen aiheuttamat päästöt, jätevesien sekä kompostoinnin päästöt. Laskenta on tehty Suomen ympäristökeskuksessa excel-laskentaohjeman avulla. Kasvihuonekaasupäästölaskennan lisäksi raportissa käsitellään lyhyesti jätesektorin politiikkatoimien taloudellista arviointia, joka on tunnistettu kehittämiskohteeksi.
Raportin toisessa osassa selostetaan F-kaasuja koskevien datan keruuta, laskentaa ja raportointia. Tarkempi päästöskenaarioiden laskenta on aiemmin dokumentoitu kahdessa eri Suomen ympäristökeskuksessa laaditussa raportissa. Tämä raportti esittelee tiivistäen käytetyt tiedot ja oletukset eri päästölähteiden skenaarioissa sekä yleiskuvauksen laskennasta.
Asiasanat kasvihuonekaasut, jätteet, F-kaasut, päästöt, skenaario, politiikkatoimi Rahoittaja/
toimeksiantaja
ISBN ISBN
978-952-11-4026-6(PDF) ISSN ISSN1796-1637 (verkkoj.) Sivuja
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PRE S E NTATION S BL AD
Utgivare Finlands miljöcentral Datum
April 2012
Författare Maija Mattinen, Mikael Hildén och Jouko Petäjä
Publikationens titel Calculations of greenhouse gas emissions of waste sector and F-gases for policy scenarios
in Finland
(Beräkning av avfallssektorns och F-gasernas växthusgasutsläpp för politikscenarier i Finland) Publikationsserie
och nummer Miljön i Finland 18/2012
Publikationens tema Miljövård
Publikationens delar/ andra publikationer inom samma projekt
Publikationen finns tillgänglig på internet: www.environment.fi/publications
Sammandrag FNs klimatavtal och EU kräver att implementering, konsekvenser och måluppfyllelse utvärderas och
rapporteras för olika politikområden och -åtgärder. För detta har man skapat nationella uppföljnings- och rapporteringsprocesser. Den senaste rapporteringen till EU skedde 2011.
I denna rapport beskrivs utsläppsberäkningarna för politikåtgärder inom avfallssektorn och för F-gaser. Åtgärderna inom dessa områden hör i Finland till miljöministeriets ansvarsområde.
Beräkningsgrunderna för avfallssektorns utsläpp och utsläppsskenarier beskrivs i detalj, inklusive metodiken och de data som behövs. Beräkningarna omfattar utsläpp förorsakade av avfall på avstjälpningsplatser, avloppsvatten samt kompostering. Beräkningarna har gjorts vid Finlands miljöcentral med hjälp av ett excel-program. Förutom beräkningarna av utsläpp av växthusgaser behandlas den ekonomiska utvärderingen av politikåtgärder inom avfallssektorn. Den ekonomiska utvärderingen har identifierats som ett område som bör utvecklas. I rapportens andra del behandlas datainsamling, beräkningar och rapportering som gäller F-gaser. Den detaljerade beräkningen av utsläppsskenarier har publicerats i två skilda rapporter som gjorts upp vid Finlands miljöcentral. Denna rapport ger en översikt av beräkningarna och presenterar den information och de antaganden som skenarierna för olika utsläppskällor bygger på.
Nyckelord växthusgaser, avfall, F-gaser, utsläpp, scenario, styrmedel
Finansiär/ uppdragsgivare
ISBN ISBN
978-952-11-4026-6(PDF) ISSN ISSN1796-1637 (online) Sidantal
50 Språkengelska OffentlighetOffentlig Pris (inneh. moms 8 %)
Beställningar/ distribution
Förläggare Finlands miljöcentral, PB 140, 00251 Helsingfors
YMPÄRISTÖN- SUOJELU ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
CALCULA
TIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF
W
ASTE SECT
OR
AND F-GASES FOR POLICY SCENARIOS IN FINLAND
THE FINNISH ENVIRONMENT 18 | 2012
Calculations of greenhouse gas
emissions of waste sector and
F-gases for policy scenarios
in Finland
Maija Mattinen, Mikael Hildén and Jouko Petäjä
Finland is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. As a member of the European Union, Finland has reporting obligations also under the mechanism for monitoring European Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol (EU monitoring mechanism, Decision 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and the Council). Ac- cording to the EU monitoring mechanism Member States have an obligation to prepare every two years a report including information on national policies and measures for the assessment of projected progress.
In this report the policy scenarios and greenhouse gas emission calculations of waste sector and F-gases are described. In the first part, the calculation procedure, main data sources and assumptions in waste sector are explained in detail. We also discuss briefly the economical assessment of waste sector that has been identified as a target for further development. In the second part, the data collection, calculation parameters and policy projection calculations of F-gases are explained briefly. More detailed description of methods and is available in reports of Finnish Environment Institute.
THE FINNISH ENVIR