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include whether the internal feedback is positive and the extent of user

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satisfaction rating. This is a measurement to reflect users’ and clients’ rating of Cloud adoption, which is an important aspect to confirm the added values of using a new Cloud platform or application. The type of risk analysis is focused on:

• User satisfaction rating: Risks can be used as a reflection of users’ level of satisfaction and support to Cloud adoption. For example, an increased percentage of users (or clients) feel there is an improvement to the quality of products and services such as having a quicker response time, a higher proportion of jobs completed at the same time and a more efficient

system/application to get their work completed. In general, this is summed up as user satisfaction rating.

3.9.4 Risk measurement and how it relates to Organisational Sustainability Section 3.1 and 3.2 present business models for Cloud Computing and explain its strategic role for Cloud-adopting organisations. Organisations that adopt new technologies can experience change management, strategic management and IT management issues (Barras, 1989; Grant, 2010). This is the same for

organisations that adopt Cloud (Chou, 2009; Grant, 2010). Barras (1989)

describes that a consequence of adoption of new technology or a new service may be a significant difference to change management and strategic management such as the way organisations go forward. For some organisations, it may mean a complete change to the way they deal with work, which can be related to

processes, different skills, or business orientation. For example, technical staff need to spend more time with customer user support and training users how to use new systems. Business analysts can get their work done on the central private cloud and reduce the time for product analysis and development, and can spend more time with other tasks such as customer relationship management (Khajeh-Hosseini et al, 2011; 2012). Key metrics are undertaken so that stakeholders can understand return and risk of their Cloud adoption. The above examples

demonstrate the following:

• Changes in organisations have impacts on organisational development from establishment, growth, saturation and decline phase.

• New Cloud adoption affects the way the organisation operates.

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• Cloud adoption fits well for business models, BPM (explained in Section 3.3) and risk analysis (Section 3.7) to meet strategic focus for Cloud adoption.

Organisational sustainability for open source projects has been a popular topic.

For example, DSpace and Globus projects have set good examples about how to sustain their funding and operations. Seacord et al. (2003) present their views for software sustainability and explain the factors influencing the way software and the organisation supporting the project can develop. The emphasis is on the functionality and how robust software can influence the way technical projects move forward. Chang, Mills and Newhouse (2007) present the open source sustainability and demonstrate case studies for how organisations can achieve organisational sustainability by adopting suitable business models and

integrating their strategies with customers, community and software capabilities.

Emphasis for organisational sustainability moves to how to sustain projects financially and how to extend the lifespan of technical projects.

Organisational Sustainability is the term which includes organisational

development from establishment, growth, saturation and decline phase (Grant, 2010). This can be applied to many types of Cloud-adopting organisations. For example, a new start-up can focus on establishment of its new businesses strategies, products and services. For a large organisation that has adopted

Cloud, it can be used as a pilot study and then focus on growth and its impacts to internal users and customers, or its added values to the business. There are supporting cases in Chapter 6, Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 as follows:

• An organisation can focus on the improvement in efficiency. For example, how much time can be saved to backup thousands of data across different clusters and sites comparing the private cloud storage and traditional backup services.

• An organisation can focus on the rate of cost-saving or profitability that a new Cloud product or service can offer.

• An organisation can focus on the improvement of customer satisfaction before and after Cloud adoption.

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Those examples require accurate and systematic return and risk calculations for Cloud-adopting organisations and metrics are useful to determine the extent of organisational development. In other words, collected data can be useful to determine the extent of return and risk associated with Organisational

Sustainability. This allows stakeholders to understand whether Cloud adoption meets their expected targets and highlights differences between their actual results and expected targets. Stakeholders can learn about the status of risk associated to Cloud adoption and then identify ways for improvement to reduce risk. All this information is useful to support justification and added values.

3.10 Summary

This chapter provides a literature review related to the business perspective of adopting large computer systems including Cloud adoption. This is useful for the organisations in providing suitable business models for their Cloud adoption, with existing literature presenting eight different business models. There are also existing frameworks to recommend to organisations for a large comouting system such as Cloud, but none of them can fully address the challenges of Cloud

adoption. To take this forward, stakeholders need to know the benefits and risks associated with Cloud adoption, with their details presented and discussed. Based on the review, several risks can be grouped together leading to the development of two system adoption challenges such as Cloud adoption challenges, which include the following:

• Model and analyse risk and return for a large computing system adoption systematically and coherently: This allows system-adopting organisations to use a structured method to measure their data and calculate risks for their large scale computing adoption such as Cloud adoption, so that reliable information for the status of risks can be provided.

• Risk mitigation of system adoption: This ensures quantified risks can be reduced during system adoption including Cloud adoption, supported by demonstrations and case studies.

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These two adoption challenges are therefore the research questions for this thesis, which is based on risks analysis, modelling and reduction of risks to organisations of system adoption including Cloud adoption. In addition, there are three major types of measurement for risk and return analysis, which include technical, financial and users. Risk and return analysis is useful to Cloud-adopting organisations to exploit the uncontrolled risks and to present complex risk and return concepts clearly.

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Chapter 4. Existing Methods of Analysing