Distribución regional de los apoyos

With respect to orthopaedic hip implants, a lot of knowledge has been accumulated leading to identification of a number of important implant failure scenarios (Huiskes, 1993). Although originally discussed with respect to orthopaedic implants, similar issues are valid for other types of load-bearing medical implants, including dental.

Under repeated dynamic loading there is an accumulation of mechanical damage in materials and materials‘ interfaces. When the interface stresses exceed the strengths of the materials, the disruption of the implant is initiated by the growth of cracks at the interface. This is followed by interface micromotion, bone resorption, fibrous encapsulation and ultimate failure of the implant (Huiskes, 1993). For uncoated implants, failed bonding is another important issue. If bone ingrowth or osseointegration does not occur, the resulting motion of the interface in excess of 150 µm will always lead to the formation of the fibrous membrane (Huiskes, 1993). The ―stress-shielding‖ phenomenon is often addressed in the literature. After the implantation, it is the bone and the implant together that are engaged in

sharing of the load that is normally carried by bone alone. As the implant takes a fraction of the load away from the bone, subnormal loading of the bone according to Wolff‘s law will lead to its resorption in the form of osteopenia and cortical thinning. The mismatch of the mechanical properties often leads to physiological underloading of the bone, thus increasing the likelihood of adverse bone remodelling. However, it should be noted that, regardless of the mechanical properties of the implant, just the addition of an implant would always cause some degree of stress-shielding. Thus, it is impossible to completely eliminate stress- shielding. Also, stress bypass and destructive wear are examples of other possible failure scenarios (Huiskes, 1993). Moreover, all of these failure scenarios are interlinked, thus there is a need for a systematic approach to implant design so that the entire scope of conflicting requirements are considered. For example, using less-stiff implant materials will obviously decrease the effect of stress-shielding but respectively increase the interfacial stresses, thus promoting accumulated damage and failed ingrowth (Huiskes, 1993).

Regardless of all the possible benefits of bioactive fixation, addition of a bioactive coating will be practical only if the coating is adequately strong to withstand the stresses the implant is subjected to. This applies to implant-coating interface, coating-tissue interface and the coating material itself. Moreover, in real clinical applications, the integrity of the interfaces should be maintained over a long period of time.

Strong bonds between bioactive materials and periimplant bone is a well-known phenomenon reported by many authors (Nakamura et al., 1985; Li et al., 1995; Andersson et al., 1992). In a number of studies by Soballe, performance of hydroxyapatite coatings was tested in different in vivo conditions, including gap-healing, osteopenic bone bed, bone grafting and dynamic loading (Soballe, 1993), demonstrating adequate performance of the coatings. In some studies (Cook, 1992a), selection of torsional loading as a biomechanical testing method is based on the assumption that the torsional loads may influence the longevity of dental implants. Moreover, as it has been demonstrated, in torsional loading the HA-coated cylindrical implants failed mainly at the coating-substrate interface (Cook, 1992a). It has been demonstrated that when load-bearing is not taken into consideration, the implantation of transcortical implants in a femur bone does accurately simulate biological responses to the implants placed in the mandible (Cook, 1992b). Thus, the results were expected to be more clinically relevant than if push-out or pull-out testing was used. The later methods would have also required conically- rather than cylindrically-shaped implants (Andersson, 1992), as misalignment of an implant during testing might easily occur and lead to incorrect results. Further, in the case of macro-textured cylindrical implants such as bioactive glass-coated implants, pull-out or push-out tests were suggested to be unacceptable methods (Dhert and Jansen, 2000).

A large number of testing methods exist to quantify the adhesion strength of the coating to the substrate (Rickerby, 1988; Berndt and Lin, 1993). A number of the testing methods (Manley et al., 1987; Ducheyne and Martens, 1988) are suggested by the FDA alongside standardized testing methods. According to FDA guidelines for testing of the plasma-sprayed coating (FDA 2000), the shear fatigue strength of surface coating should be tested out to at least 107 cycles. The static shear strength of the surface/substrate interface should be tested and the adhesion shear strength should exceed 20 Mpa. The static tensile strength of the surface/substrate interface and the coating should exceed 22 Mpa in tensile strength. While these tests are useful for validation of the adhesion quality of a coating, they are not representative of loading conditions of a real implant. Thus, to understand the fracture

behavior of a coating under loading conditions, a combination of realistic mechanical testing, acoustic emission measurements and finite element analysis (FEA) were suggested (Schrooten, 1999 and 2000). This allows for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of coatings on a medical implant. The pattern of load transfer depends on several mechanical factors, such implant geometry, properties of the implant material, interfacial strength and loading conditions; thus, finite element analysis has been found to be a valuable tool in development of human joint implants (Huiskes, 1993; Prendergast, 1997). For dental implants, FEA has also been extensively used (van Staden et al., 2006). FEA allows for simulation of real biomechanical testing conditions to study stress distributions at the interfaces of interest. However, FEA of coated implants has received less attention (Mihalko et al., 1992; Evans et al., 1994; Evans and Gregson, 1994; Schrooten 1999 and 2000; Aoki et al., 2006). Introduction of a low modulus interlayer between the implant and the surrounding bone can totally change the pattern of load transfer. When this is done in a controlled way, the performance of the implant can even be improved; however, other aspects of implant design should also be taken into account (Evans and Gregson, 1994). Moreover, a recent FEA study has indicated that when applied to less stiff materials such as fiber-reinforced composites, a bioactive surface component will promote more stress-shielding than an uncoated implant (Zhao et al., 2009).

R

EFERENCES

Akagawa, Y., Ichikawa, Y., Nikai, H. and Tsuru, H. (1993). Interface histology of early loaded partially stabilized zirconia endosseous implant in initial bone healing. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 69, 599–604.

Albrektsson, T., Hansson, H.A. and Ivarsson, B. (1985). Interface analysis of titanium and zirconium bone implants. Biomaterials, 6, 97–101.

Anderson, D.J. (1953). A method of recording masticatory loads. Journal of Dental Research, 32, 785-789.

Andersson, Ö.H., Liu, G., Kangasniemi, K. and Juhanoja, J. (1992). Evaluation of the acceptance of glass in bone. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, 3, 145- 150.

Aoki, H., Ozeki, K., Ohtani, Y., Fukui, Y. and Asaoka, T., (2006). Effect of a thin HA coating on the stress/strain distribution in bone around dental implants using three- dimensional finite element analysis. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 16, 157- 169.

Areva, S., Paldan, H., Peltola, T., Närhi, T., Jokinen, M. and Linden, M. (2004). Use of sol- gel derived titania coating for direct soft tissue attachment, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 70, 169-178.

Areva, S., Peltola, T., Säilynoja, K., Laajalehto, K., Linden, M. and Rosenholm, J.B. (2002). Effect of albumin and fibrinogen on calcium phosphate formation on sol-gel derived titania coatings in vitro. Chemistry of Materials, 14, 1614-1621.

Ballo, A.M, Lassila, L.V., Vallittu, P.K. and Närhi, T.O. (2007). Load bearing capacity of bone anchored fiber-reinforced composite device. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, 18, 2025-2031.

Ballo, A.M., Lassila, L.V.J., Närhi, T.O. and Vallittu, P.K. (2008a). In vitro mechanical testing of glass fiber-reinforced composite as dental implants. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 9, 41-48.

Ballo, A.M., Kokkari, A.K., Meretoja, V.V., Lassila, L.V., Vallittu, P.K. and Närhi, T.O. (2008b). Osteoblast proliferation and maturation on bioactive fiber-reinforced composite surface. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, 19, 3169-3177.

Ballo, A.M., Akca, E., Ozen, T., Lassila, L., Vallittu, P.K. and Närhi, T.O. (2009). Bone tissue responses to glass fiber-reinforced composite implants—a histomorphometric study. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20, 608-615 .

Baron, M., Haas, R., Baron, W. and Mailath-Pokorny, G. (2005). Peri-implant bone loss as a function of tooth-implant distance. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 18, 427-433. Bauman, W.A., Spungen, A.M., Wang, J., Pierson, R.N. Jr and Schwartz, E. (1999).

Continuous loss of bone during chronic immobilization: a monozygotic twin study, Osteoporosis International, 10, 123-127.

Bechtold, J.E., Mouzin, O., Kidder, L. and Soballe, K. (2001). A controlled experimental model of revision implants: Part II. Implementation with loaded titanium implants and bone graft. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 72, 650-656.

Berndt, C.C. and Lin, C.K. (1993). Measurement of adhesion for thermally sprayed materials. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 7, 1235-1264.

Black, J. and Hasting, G.W. (1998). Handbook of biomaterials properties. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.

Bloyer, D.R., Gomez-Vega, J.M., Saiz, E., Mcnaney, J.M., Cannon, R.M., Tomsia, A.P. (1999). Fabrication and characterization of a bioactive glass coating on titanium implant alloys, Acta materialia, 47, 4221-4224.

Bouillaguet, S., Schutt, A., Alander, P., Schwaller, P., Buerki, G., Michler, J., Cattani- Lorente, M., Vallittu, P.K. and Krejci, I. (2006). Hydrothermal and mechanical stresses degrade fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength in dental fiber-reinforced composites. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Appl Biomaterials, 76, 98-105.

Brånemark, P.I., Hansson, B.O., Adell, R., Breine, U., Lindström, J., Hallén, O., Ohman, A. (1977). Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10 year period. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 16, 130-136.

Brånemark, P.I., Zarb, G.A. and Alberktsson, T. (1985). Tissue integrated prostheses: Osseointegration in Clinical Dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Company. Brown, B.H., Neff, P.A. and Tylenda, A. (1969). Acrylic resin tooth implants in rhesus

monkeys: a preliminary report. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 22, 367-370.

Brunski, J.B. (1999). In vivo bone response to biomechanical loading at the bone/dental- implant interface. Advances in Dental Research,13, 99-119.

Burger, E.H. and Klein-Nulend, J. (1999). Mechanosensory transduction in bone – role of the lacuno-canalicular network. The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 13, 101-112.

Campbell, A.A. (2003). Bioceramics for implant coatings, Materials Today, 11, 26-30. Cao, W. and Hench, L.L. (1996). Bioactive materials, Ceramics International, 22, 493-507. Carter, D.R., Giori, N.J. (1991). Effect of mechanical stress on tissue differentiation in the

bony implant bed. In: J.E. Davies (Ed.), The bone–biomaterial interface (pp. 367-376). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Chang, Y.S., Oka, M., Nakamura, T., Gu, H.O. (1996). Bone remodeling around implanted ceramics. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 30, 117-24.

Chicurel, M.E., Chen, C.S. and Ingber, D.E. (1998). Cellular control lies in the balance of forces. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 10, 232-239.

Chrisman, O.D. and Snook, G.A. (1968). The problem of refracture of the tibia. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 60, 217-219.

Cimini, J.r, Gouvêa, P.H.P, Las Casas, E.B. and Cornacchia, T.P.M. (2000). Loads in teeth: a critical review. In: Proceedings of the METMBS‘2000: The 2000 International Conference on Mathematics and Engineering Techniques in Medicine and Biological Sciences (2, pp. 649-655). Las Vegas, NV: CSREA Press.

Cook, S.D., Baffes, G.C., Palafox, A.J., Wolfe, M.W. and Burgess, A. (1992). Torsional stability of HA-coated and grit-blasted titanium dental implants. Journal of oral implantology, 18, 354-358.

Cook, S.D., Baffes, G.C., Wolfe, M.W. and Palafox, A.J. (1992). A comparison of femoral and mandibular animal models for the evaluation of HA-coated implants. Journal of oral implantology, 18, 359-365.

Corso, M., Sirota, C., Fiorelline, J., Rasool, F., Szmukler-Moncler, S. and Weber H-P (1999). Evaluation of the osseointegration of early loaded free-standing dental implants with various coatings in the dog model: periostest and radiographic results. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 82, 428–435.

Cowin, S.C., Moss-Salentijn, L. and Moss, M.L. (1991). Candidates for the mechanosensory system in bone. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 113, 191-197.

Currey, J. (1984). The Mechanical Adaptations of Bone. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Dalle Carbonare, L. and Giannini, S. (2004). Bone microarchitecture as an important determination of bone strength. Journal of Endocrinoly Investigations, 27, 99–105. Dhert, W.J.A., Jansen, J.A. (2000). The validity of a single pushout test. In Y. An, R.

Draughn (Eds.), Mechanical testing of bone at the bone-implant interface (PP. 477-488). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Drouin, J.M. and Cales, B. (1994). Yttria-stabilized zirconia for improved hip joint head. In: Ö.H. Andersson, A. Yli-Urpo (Eds.), Bioceramics 7 (pp. 387-394). London, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers.

Ducheyne, P., Martens, M. and Burssens, A. (1984). Materials, clinical and morphological evaluation of custom-made bioactive-glass-coated canine hip prostheses, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 18, 1017-1030.

Ducheyne, P. and Martens, M. (1988). Orderly oriented wire meshes as porous coatings on orthopaedic implants II: the pore size, interfacial bonding and microstructure after pressure sintering of titanium (OOWM). Clinical Materials, 1, 91-98.

Duyck, J., Van Oosterwyck, H., De Cooman, M., Puers, R., Vander Sloten, J. and Naert, I. (2000). Three-dimensional force measurements on oral implants: a methodological study. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 27, 744-753.

Ehrlich, J. and Azaz, B. (1975). Immediate implantation of acrylic resin teeth into human tooth sockets. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 33, 205-209.

Evans, S.L., Lawes, K.R. and Gregson, P.J. (1994). Layered, adhesively bonded hydroxyapatite coatings for orthopaedic implants. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, 5, 495-499.

Evans, S.L., Gregson, P.J. (1994). Numerical optimization of the design of a coated, cementless hip prosthesis. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, 5, 507- 510.

FDA (2000) Guidance for industry on the testing of metallic plasma sprayed coatings on orthopedic implants to support reconsideration of postmarket surveillance requirements. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health.

Fung, Y.C. (1981) Biomechanics Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Geiger, B. and Bershadsky, A. (2001). Assembly and mechanosensory function of focal contacts. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 13, 584-592.

Gibbs, C.H., Mahan, P.E., Lundeen, H.C., Brehnan, K., Walsh, E.K. and Holbrook, W.B. (1981). Occlusal forces during chewing and swallowing as measured by sound transmission. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 46,443-449.

Gomez-Vega, J.M., Hozumi, A., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A.P., Sugimura, H. and Takai, O. (2001). Bioactive glass-mesoporous silica coatings on Ti6Al4V throgh enameling and triblock- copolymer-templated sol-gel processing, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 56, 382-389.

Gomez-Vega, J.M, Saiz, E., Tomsia, A.P., Marshall, G.W. and Marshall, S.J. (2000). Bioactive glass coatings with hydroxyapatite and Bioglass particles on Ti-based implants. Biomaterials, 21, 105-111.

Gomez-Vega, J.M., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A.P., Oku, T., Suganuma, K., Marshall, G.W., Marshall, S.J. (2000). Novel bioactive glass functionally graded coatings on Ti6Al4V. Advanced Materials, 12, 894-898.

Griss, P., Greenspan, D.C., Heimke, G., Krempien, B., Buchinger, R., Hench, L.L. and Jentschura, G. (1976). Evaluation of a bioglass-coated Al2O3 total hip prosthesis in sheep. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 10, 511-518.

Greenspan, D.C., Hench, L.L. (1976) Chemical and mechanical behavior of bioglass-coated alumina. J. Biomed. Mater. Res, 10:503-509.

Guldberg, R.E., Richards, M., Caldwell, N.J., Kuelske, C.L. and Goldstein, S.A. (1997). Mechanical stimulation of tissue repair in the hydraulic bone chamber. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 12, 1295-1302.

Hashimoto, M., Akagawa, Y., Hashimoto, N., Nikai, H. and Tsuru, H. (1988). Single crystal sapphire endosseous implant loaded with functional stress: clinical and histological evaluation of peri-implant tissues. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 15, 65-76.

Hedia, H.S. (2002). Stress and strain distribution behavior in the bone due to the effect of cancellous bone, dental implant material and the bone height. Bio-medical Materials and Engineering, 12, 111-119.

Hench, L.L. (1994). Bioactive ceramics: theory and clinical applications: Ö.H. Andersson, A. Yli-Urpo (Eds.), Bioceramics 7, (7, pp.3-14). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinmann publisher.

Hench, L.L., Andersson, Ö.H. (1993). Bioactive glass coatings. In: L.L. Hench, J. Wilson (Eds.), An introduction to bioceramics (pp. 239), USA: World Scientific.

Hench, L.L., Splinter, R.J., Allen, W.C. and Greenlee, T.K. (1971). Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials. Journal of Biomedical Materials Reseach Symposium, 2, 117-141.

Hodosh, M., Povar, M. and Shklar, G. (1969). The dental polymer implant concept. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 22, 371-380.

Hodosh, M., Povar, M., Shklar, G. (1970). Control of porosity in polymer tooth implants. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 24, 453-460.

Hodosh, M., Povar, M., Shklar, G. (1973). Development of the self-supporting polymer tooth implant. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 7, 205-216.

Howell, A.H. and Brudevold, F. (1950). Vertical forces used during chewing of food. Journal of Dental Research, 29,133-136.

Huiskes, R. (1993). Failed innovation in total hip replacement. Diagnosis and proposals for a cure. Acta Orthopaedica. Scandinavica, 64, 699-716.

Ichikawa, Y., Akagawa, Y., Nikai, H. and Tsuru, H. (1992). Tissue compatibility and stability of a new zirconia ceramic in vivo. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 68, 322-326.

Jansen, J.A., von Recum, A.F., van der Waerden, J.P.C.M. and de Groot, K. (1992). Soft tissue response to different types of sintered metal fiber-web materials. Biomaterials, 13, 959-968.

Jarcho, M. (1992). Retrospective analysis of hydroxyapatite development for oral implant applications. Dent. Clin. North Am., 36:19-26.

Jones, L.C., Frondoza, C. and Hungerford D.S. (2001). Effect of PMMA particles and movement on an implant interface in a canine model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery – British Volume, 83, 448-458.

Kangasniemi, I., Verheyen, C., Velde, E and deGroot, K. (1994). In vivo tensile testing of fluoroapatite and hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed coatings, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 42, 295-305.

Kaplan, F.S., Hayes, W.C., Keaveny, T.M., Boskey, A., Einhorn J.P. and Iannotti, J.P. (1994). Form and function of bone. In: S.R. Simon (Ed.), Orthopaedic basic science (pp.127-184). Rosemont, Illinois: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Katz, J.L. (1995) Mechanics of hard tissue. In: Brozino, J.D., ed. The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, 273–289. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Kitsugi, T., Nakamura, T., Oka, M., Senaha, Y., Goto, T. and Shibuya, T. (1996). Bone- bonding behavior of plasma-sprayed coatings of Bioglass R, AW-glass ceramic, and tricalcium phosphate on titanium alloy. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 30, 261-269.

Klein-Nulend, J., Van der Plas, A., Semeins, C.M., Ajubi, N.E., Frangos, J.A., Nijweide, P.J. and Burger, E.H. (1995). Sensitivity of osteocytes to biomechanical stress in vitro. The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9, 441-445. Kohal, R.J., Klaus, G. and Strub, J.R. (2006). Zirconia-implant-supported all-ceramic crowns

withstand long-term load: a pilot investigation. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 17, 565- 571.

Krauser, J.T., Boner, C. and Boner, N. (1990). Hydroxyapatite coated dental implants. Biological criteria and prosthetic possibilities. Les Cahiers de prothèse, 71, 56-75. Kurtz, S.M. and Devine, J.N. (2007). PEEK Biomaterials in Trauma, Orthopedic, and Spinal

Implants. Biomaterials, 28, 4845-4869.

Lacefield, W.R. (1988). Hydroxlapatite coatings. In: P. Ducheyne, J.E. Lemons, (Eds.), Bioceramics. materials characteristics vs in vivo behavior, Vol. 523. New York: Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 523.

Lacefield, W.R. (1994). Characterization of hydroxylapatite coatings, Journal of Oral Implantology, 20, 214-220.

Lacefield, W.R. and Hench, L.L. (1986). The bonding of Bioglass to a cobalt-chromium surgical implant alloy. Biomaterials, 7, 104-108.

Laurell, L. (1985). Occlusal forces and chewing ability in dentitions with cross-arch bridges. Swedish Dental Journal, 26, 160-7.

Leeuwenburgh, S.C.G, Wolke, J.G.C., Jansen, J.A. and De Groot, K. (2008). Calcium phosphate coatings. In: T. Kokubo (Ed.), From Bioceramics and Their Clinical Applications (pp. 464-484). Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing.

Lemons, J.E. (1998) Unanticipated outcomes: dental implants. Implant Dentistry, 7, 351-354. Li, Z., Kitsugi, T., Yamamuro, T., Chang, Y.S., Senaha, Y., Takagi, H., Nakamura, T. and

Oka, M. (1995). Bone-bonding behavior under load-bearing conditions of an alumina ceramic implant incorporating beads coated with glassceramic containing apatite and wollastonite. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 29, 1081-1088.

Lum, L.B., Beirne, O.R. and Curtis, D.A. (1991). Histological evaluation of Ha coated vs uncoated titanium blade implants in delayed and immediately loaded applications. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 6, 456-62.

Manley, M., Kotzar, G., Stern, L. and Wilde A. (1987). Effects of repetitive loading on the integrity of porous coatings. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 217, 293-302. Mihalko, W.M., May, T.C., Kajy, J.F. and Krause, W.R. (1992). Finite element analysis of

interface geometry effects on crestal bone surrounding a dental implant. Implant Dentistry, 1, 212-217.

Mishra, A.K., Davidson, J.A., Poggie, R.A., Kovaac, P. and Fitzgerald, T.J. (1996). Mechanical and tribological properties of diffusion hardened Ti-13Nb-13Zr—A new titanium alloy for surgical implants. In: S. Brown, J. Lemons (Eds.), Medical applications of titanium and its alloys: the material and biological issue (pp. 96-112). West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.

Miyata, T., Kobayashi, Y., Araki, H., Ohto, T. and Shin, K. (2000). The influence of controlled occlusal overload on peri-implant tissue. Part 3: A histologic study in monkeys. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 15, 425-431. Miyata, T., Kobayashi, Y., Araki, H., Ohto, T. and Shin, K. (2002). The influence of

controlled occlusal overload on peri-implant tissue. Part 4: a histologic study in monkeys. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants. 17, 384-390.

Moritz, N., Rossi, S., Vedel, E., Tirri, T., Ylänen, H., Aro, H. and Närhi, T. (2004). Implants coated with bioactive glass by CO2-laser, an in vivo study. Journal of Materials Science

Materials in Medicine, 15,795-802.

Mouzin, O., Soballe, K. and Bechtold, J.E. (2001). Loading improves anchorage of hydroxyapatite implants more than titanium implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 58, 61-68.

Mosekilde, L. (2000). Age-related changes in bone mass, structure, and strength-effects of loading, Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie, 59, 1–9.

Naert, I., Quirynen, M., van Steenberghe, D. and Darius, P. (1992). A study of 589 consecutive implants supporting complete fixed prostheses. Part II: Prosthetic aspects. Journal of Prosthetics Dentistry, 68, 949-956.

Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T., Higashi, S, Kokubo, T. and Itoo, S. (1985). A new glass- ceramic for bone replacement evaluation of its bonding to bone tissue. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 19, 685-698.

Neill, D.J., Kydd, W.L., Nairn, R.I. and Wilson, J. (1989). Functional loading of the dentition during mastication. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 62, 218-228.

O‘Brien, W. J. (2002) Dental materials and their selection (3rd edition). Illinois, USA: Quintessence Publishing.

Ogiso, M., Nakabayashi, N., Matsumoto, T., Yamamura, M. and Lee, R.R. (1996). Adhesive improvement of the mechanical properties of a dense HA-cemented Ti dental implant. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 30, 109-116.

Oku, T., Suganuma, K., Wallenberg, L.R., Tomsia, A.P., Gomez-Vega, J.M. and Saiz, E. (2001). Structural characterization of the metal/glass interface in bioactive glass coatings on Ti-6Al-4V, J. Mat. Sci. Mat. Med., 12:413-417.

Pajamäki, K.J., Lindholm, T.S., Andersson, Ö.H., Karlsson, K.H., Vedel, E., Yli-Urpo, A. and Happonen, R.P. (1995). Bioactive glass and glass-ceramic-coated hip endoprosthesis: experimental study in rabbit, Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, 6; 14- 18.

Paldan, H., Areva, S., Tirri, T., Peltola, T., Lindholm, T.C., Lassila, L., Pelliniemi, L.J., Happonen, R.P. and Närhi, T.O. (2008). Soft tissue attachment on sol–gel-treated titanium implants in vivo. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, 19, 1283- 1290.

Paphangkorakit, J. and Osbom, J.W. (1987). The effect of pressure on maximum incisal bite

In document Programas de Fomento Agrícola, Fomento Ganadero, Sanidad Agropecuaria y Transferencia de Tecnología. Ferti-irrigación. Morelos (página 42-48)