The amount of oxygen containing species is very low in the Bio-SPKs. It was quantified by UOP-730 method20. Otherwise, organic carbonyls can be determined photometrically per ASTM E 411 test method21. For alcohols determination, UOP 656 or EPA 8015B test methods were used. For phenols, EPA 8270C test method and for esters EPA 8260B test methods were used. For inorganics characterization, ASTM D462922 test method allows determination of the trace total nitrogen naturally found in liquid hydrocarbons by thermal oxidation. For “Trace Elements” analysis (Cu, Zn, Fe, Va, Ca, Li, Pb, P, Na, Mn, Mg, K, Ni, Si), the Bio-SPK samples were analyzed by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy) following the ASTM D711123 or UOP-389 test method. The inductively coupled plasma is used to vaporize the sample and produce ions and excited atoms that emit radiations that are characteristic of each element. The intensity of the emission will be proportional to the concentration of the particular element. For copper content determination, it is also possible to use atomic absorption spectrometry per the ASTM D673224 test method.
SYN UOP Method Description Unit
R-8 R-8x HRJ-5 HRJ-5B50M
EPA 8015B Alcohols ppm <5 <5 Not detected Not detected EPA 8260B Carbonyls, Esters ppm <1 <1 4.2ppm Not detected EPA 8270C Phenols ppm <50 <50 Not detected Not detected
Table 2-12. Organic Trace Materials
2.2.1.2.1 Neat SPKs
From Table A1.2 of ASTM D7566 HSPK EER SAS SHE SYN UOP
Method Description Unit Limits 1 GTL-1 GTL-2 IPK SPK R-8 R-8x S-8 1 2 3 4 HRJ-5
Hydrocarbon Composition
D2425 Cycloparaffins mass % 15 (max) 18.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 8.90 11.2 <1 12.8 12.8 3.8 4.1 8.6 D2425 Aromatics mass % 0.5 1.03 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.9 0.9 <0.23** 0.1 0.1* 0 0 <0.23 D2425 Paraffins mass % report 80.6 92.0 97.4 97.4 96.0 90.20 87.9 91.0 87.1 87.1 96.2 95.9 97.8 D5291 Carbon and Hydrogen mass % 99.5 100 100.2 99.9 99.7 100.7 100.44 100.2 99.6 100.5 100 100.9 100.8 100.03 No-hydrocarbon Composition
D4629 Nitrogen ppm 2 (max) <1 2 <1 2 1 N/A N/A <1 <0.4 <1 <0.4 <0.4 0.3
D6304 Water ppm 75 (max) 26 32 40 25 28 31 18 22 26.0 19.0 32.0 34.0 47
D5453 Sulfur ppm 15 (max) <1 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 N/A N/A 0.6 <0.10 <0.01 <0.10 <0.10 0.1 D2622 Sulfur mass % 0.0015 (max) <0.0003 N/A N/A N/A N/A <0.0003 <0.0003 N/A <0.0001 0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 N/A UOP 389 Metals ppm 0.1 per metal <0.1 (See below, Table 2-14)
D7359 Halogens ppm 1 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 N/A N/A <0.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Additional Data
D3227 Mercaptan sulfur mass % 0.003 (max) <0.003 0.0001* 0.0001* <0.001* <0.0003* 0.000 0.000 0.000* <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 UOP Oxygen wt % <0.01 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 N/A U304I Bromine Index mg Br/100g 45 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11.0 12.0 <10 <10 N/A D3703 Peroxide number mg/kg 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A <1.0A <0.1 <0.1 <1.0A N/A D381 Existent gum mg/100mL <1 0.9# 0.6# 0.6# 4.2# <1 <1 0.6# <0.5B 0.5 <0.5B 0.5B 0.5 D1840 Naphthalenes Vol. % 0.49 N/A N/A 0# 0# N/A 0.33 N/A <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.00 D7359 Chloride mg/kg 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 N/A N/A <0.1 <0.1 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 N/A D7359 Fluorine mg/kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 N/A N/A <0.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
FT-SPK
A Peroxide number by D2340
B Existent gum by D381E
# From reference # 12
* GCxGC
** D6379
Table 2-13. Chemical Analysis of Neat Bio-SPK Jet Fuels
From Table 2-13, it can be seen that the neat SPKs contain ultra low amounts of sulfur or other heteroatoms.
The results of the metal analysis for the different neat SPK samples are shown in Table 2-14 and Table 2-15. ASTM D7566-09 requires metals analysis on 21 elements. For a majority of neat and blended SPKs, we obtained data on 25 different elements and the data show that all the metal levels are below the maximum concentration limit.
EER ENE SAS SHE SYN UOP Metals (ppm)
1 1 GTL-1 GTL-2 IPK SPK R-8* R-8x* S-8 1 2 3 4 HRJ-5
Aluminum <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.101* <0.086# <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 N/A Barium* N/A N/A <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* N/A <0.1* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Boron N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.01*
Calcium <0.01 <0.1 0.006 0.044 0.03 <0.003 <0.1* N/A 0.013 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.01*
Chromium <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1* <0.9# <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 N/A Cobalt <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 N/A N/A <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 N/A Copper <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1* <0.006 <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 0.01*
Iron <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1* <0.07# 0.02 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 0.01*
Lead <0.02 <0.1 <0.02 0.06 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1* <0.004 <0.01 0.011 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 0.01*
Lithium <0.01 N/A <0.1* 0.125* 0.122* 0.1* <0.1* N/A 0.107* <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.01*
Magnesium <0.01 <0.1 <0.004 <0.02 <0.003 <0.003 <0.1* N/A <0.01 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.01*
Manganese <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1* <0.008 <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 N/A Molybdenum <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.1 <0.1* <0.004 <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 0.01*
Nickel <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1* <0.008 <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 0.01*
Palladium <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 N/A N/A <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 N/A Platinum <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 N/A N/A <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 N/A Phosphorus <0.02 <0.1 <0.02 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 N/A <0.236# <0.01 <0.009 0.075 <0.009 0.032 <0.01*
Potassium <0.02 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <1* N/A <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 0.12*
Silicon* N/A N/A 0.993* <0.1* 1* <0.1* <0.1* N/A <0.1* N/A N/A N/A N/A <0.01*
Silver* N/A N/A <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* <0.004 <0.1* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Sodium <0.01 0.1 <0.02 0.03 0.01 <0.01 1.3* N/A 0.03 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 N/A Strontium <0.01 <0.1 <0.004 <0.005 <0.003 <0.003 N/A N/A <0.003 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 N/A Tin <0.02 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 N/A <0.006 <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.01 N/A Titanium <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1* <0.014 <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 N/A Vanadium <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1* <0.004 <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.01*
Zinc <0.01 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.1* <0.008 <0.01 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.009 <0.01*
TOTAL UOP 389 N/A N/A 0.006 0.23 0.033 0.02 N/A N/A 0.069 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
FT-SPK
* By ASTM D7111 test method
# Elevated values due to matrix interference N/A: Not Available
Table 2-14. Metal Analysis by ICP of Neat SPK Jet Fuels by UOP Method 389
Measured properties Unit Limit UOP-HRJ-5 Metals
Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb,, V, Zn ppm 0.5 Total 0.08 Alkali metals and metalloids
B, Na, K, Si, Li ppm 1.0 Total 0.12
Table 2-15. Metal Analysis by ASTM D7111 of Neat SPK Jet Fuels
2.2.1.2.2 50% (v) SPK Blends
SHE SYN UOP
Method Description Unit SPKB50M R-8B50M S-8B50M 2B50 3B50 4B50 HRJ-5B50M
D3242 Acidity mg KOH/g 0.003# 0.003 0.005# 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.009
D3227 Sulfur, Mercaptan mass % <0.0003# 0.000 0.00# 0.0003 0.0004 <0.0001 <0.0001 D2622 Sulfur mass % 0.05# 0.019 0.029# 0.0403 <0.015 <0.0001 N/A
D5453 Sulfur ppm N/A 0.8 0.6 0.6 936.4
UOP Oxygen Wt. % N/A N/A N/A <0.03A <0.03A <0.03A N/A
D4629 Nitrogen ppm N/A N/A N/A <1.0A <1.0A <1.0A 3.0
D6304 Water ppm N/A N/A N/A 24.0A 34.0A 25.0A 69
D 381 Existent gum mg/100mL <1# <1 0.6# <1 1.0B <1 2.5
D 3703 Peroxide number ppm N/A N/A N/A 0.100 <1.0C <0.1 N/A
FT-SPK 50% (v) blends approved
A Analyzed at UOP
B IP540
C D2340 results
# From reference # 12
Table 2-16. Trace Components in the B50 SPK Jet Fuels
The results for the metal analysis of the three Bio-SPKs used for the biofuel demonstration flights are shown below in Table 2-17.
Metals (ppm) UOP-2B50 UOP-3B50# UOP-4B50 UOP-HRJ-5B50M
Aluminum <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Barium <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* <0.1*
Calcium <0.05 <0.003 <0.05 0.131*
Chromium <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Cobalt N/A <0.01 N/A N/A Copper <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Iron 0.48 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Lead <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Lithium N/A N/A N/A <0.1*
Magnesium <0.05 <0.003 <0.05 <0.1*
Manganese <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Molybdenum <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Nickel <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Palladium N/A <0.01 N/A N/A
Platinum N/A <0.01 N/A N/A
Phosphorus <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 N/A
Potassium <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <1*
Silicon <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* 0.597*
Silver <0.1* <0.1* <0.1* <0.1*
Sodium <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <1*
Strontium N/A <0.003 N/A N/A
Tin <0.05 <0.02 <0.05 N/A
Titanium N/A <0.01 N/A <0.1*
Vanadium <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
Zinc <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.1*
# By UOP 389 method
* By ASTM D7111 test method
Table 2-17. Metal Analysis by ICP of the B50 Bio-SPK Jet Fuels
For comparison Table 2-18 illustrated the concentration of the metals that have been measured in petroleum-based jet fuel.
Metals Jet A (ppb) JP-5* (ppb) JP-8 (ppb)
* JP-5 values shown are the higher of two JP-5 sample values.
ND = Not Detected
Table 2-18. “Principal Elements Detected in Jet Fuels” from US Navy Technical Report No. 184525