DOCENTES FORMADORES DE DOCENTES

To confirm validity, the questionnaire was provided to four experts to review the constituent items for relevance and clarity. Comments of the reviewers were considered in developing the final edition prior to the translation of instruments. Table 5 provides the details of the experts consulted.

Table 5: Experts Consulted for Validity

Title Position Agency Country

Dr Professor SAMA KSA

Mr Executive Secretary MENAFATF Kingdom of Bahrain

Dr Professor Naif Arab University for Security Sciences KSA

Dr Legal Expert QatarFinancial Information Unit Qatar

3.7.2. Translation of instrument

The study was conducted in the Arabic language in Riyadh city, KSA and the instruments were written in Arabic to overcome any language barriers. Several factors were considered in the process of translation including that the English version and the Arabic translation communicated the same concepts; that the translation was clear and understandable; and finally, to certify the translation. To achieve these requirements, the questionnaires, information to respondents and the consent form were translated into Arabic by a registered National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters (NAATI) no. 60167 in Melbourne Australia, to ensure subject relevance and consistency.

3.7.3. Pilot study

In order to verify the reliability of the instrument, a pilot study was conducted on 10 SAFIU staff members. Respondents were provided with an Arabic version of the questionnaire rather than an English version based on two reasons: firstly, it was more relevant since the Arabic version was used in the data collection; and secondly, the reliability check on the English version could have been different from the Arabic version because of possible linguistic inconsistencies in the translation.

3.7.4. Reliability of instrument

After receiving the questionnaires from the pilot group, the researcher tested the reliability by using internal consistency method and deriving the alpha coefficient of the questionnaire items after the data had been collected using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). SPSS is a computer application that provides statistical analysis of data. It allows for in-depth data access and preparation, analytical reporting, graphics and testing using different statistical tests including parametric and non-parametric tests. From 2009, SPSS Inc. changed their product name from SPSS to Predictive Analytics Software (PASW).

One common way of computing correlation values among the questions on the instruments is by using Cronbach's Alpha. Cronbach's Alpha splits all the questions on the instrument in every possible way and computes correlation values for all of them. After several iterations, a number for Cronbach's alpha is generated, and the closer it is to that number, the higher the reliability of the instrument (Cronbach, 1951). While the acceptable value for Cronbach alpha varies among researchers, the researcher followed Perry (2005), who considers a value greater than 0.75 to be appropriate. Table 6 demonstrates the results acquired from testing the reliability of the instrument. Additional suggestions from the pilot study were also collected and incorporated in the instrument.

Table 6: Instrument Reliability Results

Part Description No. of

questions

Reliability coefficient

1 The effectiveness of SAFIU in receiving and analysing STRs on

money laundering and terrorism financing 29 0.8496

1a First subsection - the effectiveness of SAFIU in receiving reports 14 0.8473

1b Second subsection - the Effectiveness of SAFIU in analysing

reports 8 0.8204

1c Third subsection - the effectiveness of SAFIU in administering

STRs 7 0.8937

2

The effectiveness of SAFIU in administering money laundering combating activities with other government and non-government agencies such as finance and banking institutions

27 0.8849

2a First subsection - the effectiveness of SAFIU in administering

AML activities with government and non-government institutions 18 0.8771

2b Second subsection - the effectiveness of SAFIU in coordinating

AML activities with government and non-government institutions 9 0.898

3 The effectiveness of the international cooperation of AML and

CTF between SAFIU and FIUs in other countries 10 0.8971

4

The suggestions that can be provided to SAFIU to enable them to develop policies that better detect and combat money laundering and terrorism finance

6 0.9804

All parts and subsections of the research instrument 72 0.9012

As the table above indicates, the reliability coefficient for all grouped items are greater than 0.75, the value the researcher accepted for the analysis.

3.8. Procedure

In the research process, the data collection follows on from the review of literature. A systematic and precise data collection is pivotal for the subsequent research stage of data analysis and is directly responsible for the accuracy of research findings.

An endorsement letter was provided by SAFIU to enable the study to take place on staff members. A SAFIU staff member was assigned the responsibility of coordinating the room facilities and allocating the appropriate respondents. Due to the operational requirements, the respondents were grouped into three groups, which incorporated the three shifts available: morning, afternoon and evening.

The researcher presented the respondents with the approval and information for respondents sheet, thereby enabling each candidate to be aware of the reason for the study. The researcher provided a verbal brief reiterating the documents provided and purpose of study. In line with the research approval by the ethics committee at Victoria University, all respondents were informed about their consent to collect data. It was stressed that participation in this study was voluntary and that their responses will be held confidentially. The consent form was presented for the respondents to read and consent through formal signing.

At the completion of the survey, the respondents were asked if they had any further questions that they would like clarified. The survey questionnaires were gathered to commence the data analysis phase. Of total respondents, three were not included in the final calculation of data as the questionnaires received from these respondents were incomplete. As such, a total of 74 questionnaires was utilised for the analysis.

3.9. Data analysis

Data analysis is the second-last step in the research process and provides the arguments for the research discussion and the drawing of conclusions. For this study,

appropriate non-parametric statistical tests were conducted to analyse the quantitative collected from the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, such as means, frequencies and standard deviations and Spearman’s Rho correlations, were conducted in SPSS. The Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient is a non-parametric approach (Field,

2009), which was preferred as one of the assumptions of parametric approach (interval or ratio level data) was violated.

The Kruskal-Wallis test was also performed to test the differences between groups by age, qualification, work experience and number of training courses attended. The analysis by nature of the work was excluded from the Kruskal-Wallis test, as the job responsibilities for uniformed and civilian personnel overlapped each other. The Kruskal-Wallis test is a non-parametric test used to compare three or more groups of sample data when the assumptions of one-way independent parametric test are violated (Field, 2009). The Kruskal-Wallis test can be applied for ordinal data, as there was no assumption made about the distribution (Jamieson, 2004). The hypothesis for the test is as follows:

 Null hypothesis: Null hypothesis assumes that the samples are from identical populations, which means the opinions of different groups by age, qualification, work experience and number of training courses attended do not differ.

 Alternative hypothesis: Alternative hypothesis assumes that there is a difference among different population groups by age, qualification, work experience and number of training courses.

In addition, the Mann-Witney U (Field, 2009) test was utilised to test whether the opinions of civilian and uniformed staff members differed. The Mann-Whitney U test is a non-parametric test used to determine whether two samples of ordinal or ranked data differ. The Mann-Whitney U ranks all the cases for each of the two groups from the lowest to the highest value. Then a mean rank, sum of ranks and 'U' score is computed for each group (Mann & Whitney, 1947). The hypothesis for the test is as follows:

 Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in response between civilian and uniformed staff.

 Alternative Hypothesis: There is a difference in response between civilian and uniformed staff members.

For qualitative analysis, responses were processed after translation in the Microsoft Excel program, and responses categorised according to the subject matter. Common words from each comment were identified and categorised appropriately to arrive at

the conclusion. The items highlighted with a red box in Figure 6 demonstrates the statistical tests that were conducted to analyse the quantitative results collected (Gerwien, 2008).

Figure 6: Statistical Tests Utilised within the Research Study

Source: Gierwen, 2008

3.10. Limitations of study

This study, like other studies is conducted within a particular framework and as such, it has to be recognised that a number of limitations exist. It should be noted, however,

that the limitations of a study do not necessarily decrease its value or minimise its strength, rather provides boundaries within which the results can be interpreted.

The instruments used in this study are subject to the same criticism made of most self- assessment instruments, that is, such instruments are subjective in nature and may or may not truly reflect the respondent’s characteristics. A thorough introduction and explanation of the purpose of the study at the beginning of the data collection attempted to minimise this risk of response error.

It is also important to note that the results of this study are limited to the opinions of male SAFIU staff members located in the city of Riyadh within the calendar year of 2011. Despite these limitations, the results provide a beneficial appreciation on the compliance of SAFIU with the international standards. These limitations also provide the opportunity for consideration during future research and investigative analysis.

3.11. Chapter summary

This chapter detailed the methodology and procedures of this study. After the research design was described, details of the research questions and study were provided. Finally, the procedures were then presented to describe the instruments, validity, translation and process of data collection. The adoption of these methods provided a sound foundation to obtain reliable and valid results. The next chapter (Chapter 4: Findings) reports on the data analysis, and provides results that form the basis of the final discussion chapter.

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS

4.1. Introduction

This chapter presents a descriptive statistical analysis for the quantitative and qualitative data collected from the respondents. The chapter commences by providing a summary of the demographic characteristics of the study. Quantitative findings are then presented for each research question prior to illustrating the qualitative results acquired. A summary of the chapter is then detailed to provide a platform where the results are analysed and discussed.

4.2. Demographic analysis

The first stage of the data analysis was concerned with the personal and functional characteristics of the study. The questionnaire focused on demographic qualities that had the ability to shape the differences in their perception of the subject matter. Table 7 below demonstrates the study demographic details.

Table 7: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

No. Age Frequency (N) Percentage

1 Less than 30 years old _{28 37.84}

2 30 - 39 years old _{29 39.19}

3 40 - 49 years old 15 20.27

4 50 years old and over _{2 2.70}

No. Nature of the work Frequency (N) Percentage

1 Uniformed _{39 52.70}

2 Civilian 35 47.30

No. Qualification Frequency (N) Percentage

1 Secondary or less _{6 8.11}

2 Diploma _{21 28.38}

3 Bachelor _{44 59.46}

4 Master _{3 4.05}

No. Years of Work Experience Frequency (N) Percentage

1 Less than 5 years _{17 22.97}

2 5 - 9 years _{32 43.24}

3 10 - 14 years _{10 13.51}

4 15 - 19 years _{12 16.22}

Of 74 respondents, the demographic analysis indicated that 57 staff members (77 per cent) were under the age of 40 years. 39 staff members (53 per cent) consisted of uniformed members, while the remaining 35 members (47 per cent) consisted of civilians. The education level of the study was significantly high, with 65 members (92 per cent) holding a qualification higher than secondary school level. The analysis also demonstrated that 57 staff members (77 per cent) have at least five years of working experience. Finally, the data indicated that 51 members of the respondents (77 per cent) have attended two or more money laundering and terrorism finance training sessions.