2. Ciudad Equitativa
2.5 Dotación de equipamientos y servicios
Naturally, under the impulse of the crisis, the G20 immediately went back to the
old, but repeatedly unfulfilled, objective of reforming the International Financial
Institutions (IFIs). Right from the start, at the first summit of November 2008, they set as a
short‐term objective to look at the adequacy of those institutions’ resources. Maybe
remorseful about the mistreatment applied to the IMF with its multilateral surveillance
exercise of the previous year, the G20 stated that “The IMF should conduct vigorous and
even‐handed surveillance reviews of all countries, as well as giving greater attention to
their financial sectors and better integrating the reviews with the joint IMF/World Bank
financial assessment programs” ‐‐ although this was qualified as a medium term
objective. Also sounding remorseful, the G20 “underscored that the Bretton Woods
Institutions must be comprehensively reformed so that they can more adequately reflect
28 Paragrah 66, The G20 Seoul Summit Leaders Declaration, November 11‐12, 2010
changing economic weights in the world economy and be more responsive to future
challenges.”29
More boldly, at the G20 London summit, the leaders admitted that they had to
strengthen the World Bank’s and – more importantly given the circumstances of the day –
the IMF’s relevance, effectiveness and legitimacy. The G20 leaders literally affirmed that
they would reform those institutions’ mandates, scope and governance to reflect changes
in the world economy and the new challenges of globalization, and – as they had said at
Washington ‐‐ would give emerging countries greater voice and representation.
Pertinently, and complying with their earlier commitment, they also agreed upon the
allocation of significantly larger resources to the IMF, a decision that allowed the
institution to help put out fires before they spread in some emerging countries that came
under financial stress.30
The attention given by the G20 to the IMF at the Pittsburgh summit had two
somewhat contradictory components. One was in the direction of strengthening the
institution by stating that the modernization of the IMF’s governance was essential to
improve its credibility, legitimacy, and effectiveness, and backing this statement with a
commitment to address – as part of a quota review process to be concluded by early 2011 ‐‐ issues such as size and composition of the Executive Board, enhancement of the Board’s
29 Action Plan to Implement Principles for Reform, Declaration of the Summit on
Financial Markets and the World Economy, Washington, D.C., November 15, 2008 .
effectiveness, and involvement by the Fund Governors in its strategic oversight.31 At the
same time, the IMF’s authority to exercise its surveillance responsibility was clearly
diminished when the G20, in order to deal with the correction of the global
macroeconomic imbalances, opted for a sort of peer review mechanism (titled Mutual
Assessment Process, or MAP) in which the IMF was assigned an essentially subsidiary
role of just giving technical assistance to the G20’s finance ministers and central bank
governors.32
Some, but not all, of the committed reforms in the IMF’s representation and
governance had been agreed by the time of the G20 Seoul meeting in November of 2010.
A shift in quota share, mostly in favor of the largest emerging economies, and an offer to
reflect that shift in the institution’s executive board – reforms that fell quite short of
changing the balance of power among the members in any significant way ‐‐ was the step
taken and it was underlined as an important one at that summit.33 Possibly more
consequential was the G20’s call for the IMF to play a bigger role in the MAP34 and to re‐
launch its earlier commitment to enhance the IMF’s surveillance mandate and action.35
31 Paragraph 21, G20 Leaders Statement: The Pittsburgh Summit, September 24‐25, 2009. 32 Paragraph 7, G20 Leaders Statement: The Pittsburgh Summit, September 24‐25, 2009. 33 For a brief description of the reforms agreed in November 2010, see:
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2010/NEW110510B.htm
34 Paragraph 11, The G20 Seoul Summit Leaders Declaration, November 11‐12, 2010 35 Paragraph 20, The G20 Seoul Summit Leaders Declaration, November 11‐12, 2010
The IMF’s repositioning on the G20’s radar was undoubtedly caused by the
lackluster evolution of the MAP since its launch in September 2009 and up to the meeting
in Seoul. It should have been clear by then not only that the MAP was moving very
slowly, but that despite early pledges, the structural correction of the global
macroeconomic imbalances was still pending and the problem had by then exploded in
the European Monetary Union (EMU). At that point and at subsequent events throughout
2011, the diagnosis provided by the G20 at their first summit about what caused the crisis
in the first place should have resonated loudly: “Major underlying factors to the current
situation were, among others, inconsistent and insufficiently coordinated macroeconomic
policies, inadequate structural reforms, which led to unsustainable global macroeconomic
outcomes. These developments, together, contributed to excesses and ultimately resulted
in severe market disruption.”36
Although at the G20 Pittsburgh meeting of September 2009, the language to stress
the importance of the global imbalances was subdued relative to that used in the
Washington Communiqué, it is clear that the imbalances continued to be a central
concern of leaders. So much so that they launched the above‐mentioned MAP with,
among other goals, to “ensure that fiscal, monetary, trade and structural policies are
collectively consistent with more sustainable and balanced trajectories of growth,” and
also to collectively “undertake macro prudential and regulatory policies to help prevent
36 Paragraph 4, Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy,
credit and asset price cycles from becoming forces of destabilization.”37 This statement of
purpose was impeccable; however, the G20, rather than empowering the IMF to perform
its multilateral surveillance duty, adopted “a cooperative process of mutual assessment”
where members themselves would agree on shared policy objectives, set medium‐term
policy frameworks, assess the collective implications of national policies and identify
risks to financial stability. How this sort of peer review mechanism would in fact work
was left to be agreed later by the G20 ministers.
Ministers did provide, not long after the Pittsburgh meeting, a timetable for
developing the mutual assessment process.38 According to that timetable, each country
would provide its own policy framework and projections by end of January 2010. With
this input, the G20 ‐‐ supported by the IMF and the World Bank ‐‐ would conduct the
initial phase of the MAP, checking the consistency of national policies with the collective
objectives, and develop accordingly a basket of policy options for leaders to consider at
the June 2010 Toronto Summit. Ultimately the objective, supposedly after refining the
MAP, was to present leaders with more specific policy recommendations for their
decision at their Seoul, Korea Summit of November 2010.