The sub-conscious is termed "Chitta" in Vedanta. Much of your sub- consciousness consists of sub-merged experiences, memories thrown into the background, but recoverable.
When you show symptoms of losing your memory, as you grow old, the first symptom is that you find it difficult to remember the names of persons. The reason is not far to seek. All the names are arbitrary. They are like labels. There
through associations as the impressions become deep thereby. You can remember well in old age some passages that you had read in schools and colleges. But you find it difficult to remember in the evening a passage you read in the morning. The reason is that the mind has lost its Dharana-Shakti (power of
grasping ideas). The brain cells have degenerated. Those who overwork
mentally, who do not observe the rules of Brahmacharya and who are afflicted with much cares and anxieties, worries, etc., lose their power of memory soon. Even in the old age you can remember old events, as there are associations with events.
The mental processes are not limited to the field of consciousness alone. The field of sub-conscious mentation is of much greater extent than that of conscious mentation. Messages, when ready, come out like a flash from the sub-conscious mind to the surface of the conscious mind through the trap door in the sub- conscious mind or Chitta of the Vedantins. Only ten percent of mental activities come into the field of consciousness. At least ninety per cent of our mental life is sub-conscious. We sit and try to solve at a problem and fail. We look around, try again and again, but fail. Suddenly an idea dawn that lead s to the solution of the problem. The sub-conscious processes were at work. Sometimes you go to sleep at night with the thought: "I must get up very early in the morning to catch a train." This message is taken up by the sub-conscious mind and it is this sub- conscious mind that wakes you up unfailingly at the exact hour. Sub-conscious mind is your constant companion and sincere friend. Repeatedly fail at night to get a solution for a problem in arithmetic or geometry. In the morning, when you wake, you get a clear answer. This answer comes like a flash from the sub- conscious mind. Even in sleep it works without any rest incessantly. It arranges, classifies, compares, sorts all facts and figures and works out a proper satisfactory solution. This is all due to the sub-conscious mind. With the help of the sub-conscious mind you can change your vicious nature by cultivating healthy virtuous qualities that are opposed to the undesirable ones. If you want to overcome fear, mentally deny that you have fear and concentrate your attention upon the opposite quality- the ideal of courage. When courage is developed, fear vanishes away by itself. The positive always overpowers the negative. This is an infallible law of nature. This is Pratipaksha Bhavana of Raja Yogis. You can acquire a liking for distasteful tasks and duties by cultivating a desire and taste for them. You can establish new habits, new ideas, new ideals, new tastes and new character in the sub-conscious mind by changing the old ones.
The functions of the Chittta are Smriti or Smarana, Dharana (attention) and Anusandhana (enquiry or investigation). When you repeat a Japa or a Mantra it is the Chitta that does the Smarana. It does a lot of work. It turns out better work that the mind or Buddhi.
All actions, enjoyments and experiences leave the impressions in the sub- conscious mind in the form of subtle impressions or residual potencies. The Samskaras are the root of causing again Jati-life and Experiences of pleasure and pain. Revival of Samskaras includes memory. The Yogi dives deep inside and comes in direct contact with these Samskaras. He directly perceives them through the inner Yogic vision. By Samyam (concentration, meditation and Samadhi) on these Samskaras, he acquires knowledge of the previous lives. By doing Samyam on the Samskaras of others, the Yogi gets knowledge of there past lives also.
When you desire to remember a thing you will have to make a psychic exertion. You will have to go up and down into the depths of the different levels of sub- consciousness and then pick up the right thing from a curious mixture if multifarious irrelevant matter. Just as the mail sorter in the railway mail service takes up the right letter by moving the hand up and down along the different pigeon holes, so also, the sorter, (the sub-conscious mind), goes up and down along the pigeon holes in the sub-conscious mind can pick the right thing to the level of normal consciousness. The sub-conscious mind can pick the right thing from a heap of various matters.
A Samskara of an Experience is formed or developed in the Chitta at the very moment when the mind is experiencing something. There is no gap between the present experience and the formation of a samskara in the sub-conscious mind. Smriti or memory is a function of Chitta (sub-conscious mind). It is a separate faculty or category in Vedanta. Sometimes it is Antarangata that comes under the mind. In the Sankhya philosophy it is included in Buddhi or Mahat Tattwa. The Chitta of Patanjali Rishi's philosophy of Raja Yoga (Yogas Chitta Vritti Nirodha) corresponds to the Anthakarana of Vedanta.