3.3 LA ESCUELA Y LA EDUCACIÓN EN VALORES.
3.3.2. La educación en valores en los procesos educativos actuales
The following further works are recommended for COME;
I. The COME produced should be blended with other different oils e.g Jatropha oil or diesel fuel inorder to improve some of its physical properties like cetane number, diesel index and sulphur content
II. Also Engine test of COME should be carried out in order to compare its performance efficiency with diesel fuel.
56
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61 APPENDICES
Appendix A
Chemicals/Reagents used.
Name Grade Manufacturer %Purity
Ethanol AR BDH 95
Methanol AR BDH 99.5
n-hexane NS Kermel 96
Phenolphthalein AR BDH 98.5
Sodium thiosulphate LR MERCK 99.5
Starch LR BDH 99
Potassium hydroxide NS MERCK NS
Potassium iodide LR BDH NS
Hydrochloric acid AR BDH 36.5
lodine crystals AR M&B 99
Tetraoxosuphate (VI) acid AR BDH NS
Silica gel LR BDH 98
Aniline AR M&B 99.9
AR: Analytical grade, LR: Laboratory grade, M & B: Meyer and Baker, BDH:
British Drug House.
62 Appendix B
Apparatus/Instruments.
Name Model Manufacturer
Soxhlet extractor Electrothermal M-104 H. Jurgen and Co., England.
Muffle furnace M104 LE 167 RS Gallen Kamp, England.
Vacuum oven Gallen kamp Gallen Kamp, England.
Reflux condenser C1/11 GC 10 Glass, England.
Thermometer Liquid in class GC 10 Glass, England.
Water bath HHW420 _
Heating mantle NS Sunbim, India.
Weighing balance Adventurer Ohaus Corp, USA.
Closed cup flash point tester Stanhope-seta Stanhope surrey, UK.
Hydrometer NS NS
Viscometer bath stanhope seta Seta KV -8 Surrey, United Kingdom.
Seta cloud/pour point Refrigerator Stanhope- seta Surrey, United Kingdom .
Separating funnel Pyrex Pyrex, England.
Sulphur-in-oil Analyzer SLFA- 2800 HORIBA.
Aniline point tester A-212 Rigosha & Co Ltd.
Stop-watch Digi- Tech 0.9T Digi -Tech, China.
GC-MS machine QP- 2010 plus Shimadzu, Japan.
NS= Not Specified. All the glass were thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and dried before they were used to carry out the analysis.
63 Appendix C.
Physiochemical properties of Coconut seed oil and biodiesel.
Parameter Value
Colour light yellow
% Oil yield 67.2
% Biodiesel yield 85
Free fatty acid (mgKOH/g) 1.17
Moisture content (%) 1.0 ± 0.54
Saponification value (mgKOH/g) 72.65± 0.13
Iodine value (mgKOH/g) 85.22 +0.16
Acid value (mgKOH/g) 2.33
Ester value (mgKOH/g) 70.32±0.08
Key: Values are mean of 3 (three) trials
64 Appendix D.
Optimization process for Biodiesel production.
Methanol to oil Catalyst (%) Reaction temp (⁰C)
Reaction time (min.)
% Yield
3:1 0.1 60 50 68.67
3:1 0.55 60 40 67.4
3:1 0.55 60 60 60.67
3:1 0.55 65 50 70.0
3:1 0.55 65 50 64.67
3:1 1.0 60 50 73.3
6:1 0.1 55 50 69.4
6:1 0.1 60 40 74.38
6:1 0.1 60 60 73.55
6:1 0.1 65 50 69.7
6:1 0.55 55 40 77.4
6:1 0.55 65 40 84.48
6:1 0.55 55 60 73.4
6:1 0.55 65 40 72.6
6:1 0.55 65 60 79.38
6:1 1.0 55 50 72.54
6:1 1.0 60 40 80.8
6:1 1.0 60 60 76.67
65
6:1 1.0 65 50 80.0
9:1 0.1 60 50 68.87
9:1 0.55 50 60 63.06
9:1 0.55 55 50 77.1
9:1 0.55 65 50 68.04
9:1 0.55 60 40 72.54
9:1 0.55 60 60 70.7
9:1 1.0 60 50 58.68
Key: Values in the table are means of three (3) trials
66 Appendix E
Fatty acid profile for Coconut Seed Oil (CSO) and Coconut Oil Methyl Ester (COME).
Key: Percentage may not add to 100% due to rounding and other constituents not listed.
ME = Methyl Ester.
Carbon chain
Relative abundance wt % (CSO)
Relative
abundance wt%
(COME)
Fatty Acid Compound Name
C6 _ 0.33 Caprolic
acid
Hexanoic ME
C8 3.18 4.90 Caprylic
acid
Octanoic ME
C10 2.48 4.93 Capric acid Decanoic ME
C12 16.21 21.53 Lauric acid Dodecanoic ME
C14 8.14 3.75 Myristic
acid
tetradecanoic ME
C16 3.34 9.88 Palmitic
acid
Hexadecanoic ME
C18:0 1.03 5.27 Stearic
acid
Octadeanoic ME
C18:1 3.23 12.27 Oleic acid 9-Octadecanoic(Z)
ME
67 Appendix F
Physical properties of COME (Coconut Oil Methyl Ester).
Parameter Values
Specific gravity (g/cm3) at 15°C 0.904
Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C (Cst) 4.37
Flash Point (°C) 126
Pour Point (°C) 8.9
Cloud Point (°C) 10
Aniline Point (°C) 36.1
Diesel Index 24.28
Cetane Number 27.48
Sulphur Content %wt 0.064
ASTM Color 0.5
68 APPENDIX G
Fuel properties of biodiesel from different oil
Fuel properties of biodiesel from different oil
Source: Barnwal and Sharma, (2005), Ndana et al., (2011) and Gajendra et al., (2010).
Vegetable oil
K.V C.N C.P P.P F.P D. A.P D.I S.C ASTM.
Colour
C.V
(biodiesel) mm2/s 0C 0C 0C (g/cm3) 0C % wt (Mj/kg)
castor Coconut
- 2.8
- 51
5.5 -3
10 -12
177 110
0.924 0.92
33.33 -
19.98 -
0.11 -
<4.0 -
39.50 -
Babassu 3.6 63 4 - 127 0.875 - - - - -
Tallow - - 12 9 96 - - - - - -
Soy oil 4.47 - -1.1 -3.9 182 0.882 33.89 26.79 0.02 1:0 39.76
Rubber 4.57 - 1.67 -6.7 197 0.883 35 27.19 0.06 3.5 39.0
Neem 4.55 - 12.8 10 183 0.877 33.33 27.39 0.03 2.0 40.18
Jatropha 5.2 - 10 -6.7 186 0.878 34.44 27.88 0.02 0.5 40.43
Palm 5.7 6.2 13 - 164 0.880 - - - - -
20%
biodiesel blend
3.2 51 - -16 128 0.858 - - - - -
69 Appendix H
ASTM limits for diesel and biodiesel fuels
Parameter Method ASTM Biodiesel limit Diesel LIMIT
Specific gravity at 15/40C D1298 0.88 0.85
kinematic viscosity (400C)mm2/s D445 1.9-6.0 1.3-4.1
Pour point (0C) D97 -15 to 10 -25 to -15
Cloud point (0C) D2500 -3 to 12 -15 to 5
Flash point (0C) D93 100-170 60-80
Aniline points (0C) D611 - -
Diesel index - -
ASTM colour D1500 0.3-8.0
Calorific value (mj/kg) - 45.82
Sulphur %wt Cetane Number Diesel Index Moisture Content
D2622 D6751 - 0.05
- 48-65 - -
0.05 40-55 47min.
- Source: ASTM allowable limit obtained from Kaduna petroleum and petrol chemicals and Ndana et al., (2011).
70 APPENDIX I
Response Surface Regression: Yield versus molar ratio, cat conc., temp, time
The analysis was done using coded units.
Estimated Regression Coefficients for Yield
Term Coef SE Coef T P Constant 73.4000 1.3081 56.112 0.000 molar ratio 1.0422 0.6540 1.594 0.116 cat conc. 1.4739 0.6540 2.254 0.028 temp 0.4019 0.6540 0.615 0.541 time -1.6225 0.6540 -2.481 0.016 molar ratio*molar ratio -5.9675 0.9811 -6.083 0.000 cat conc.*cat conc. -0.4133 0.9811 -0.421 0.675 temp*temp 1.6546 0.9811 1.687 0.096 time*time 2.0596 0.9811 2.099 0.040 molar ratio*cat conc. -3.7050 1.1328 -3.271 0.002 molar ratio*temp -0.4942 1.1328 -0.436 0.664 molar ratio*time 1.2225 1.1328 1.079 0.284 cat conc.*temp 1.8567 1.1328 1.639 0.106 cat conc.*time -0.8250 1.1328 -0.728 0.469 temp*time 0.9150 1.1328 0.808 0.422
S = 3.92426 PRESS = 1566.28
R-Sq = 58.97% R-Sq(pred) = 36.77% R-Sq(adj) = 50.27%
Analysis of Variance for Yield
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Regression 14 1460.9 1460.9 104.350 6.78 0.000 Linear 4 217.9 217.9 54.474 3.54 0.011 Square 4 997.8 997.8 249.457 16.20 0.000 Interaction 6 245.2 245.2 40.862 2.65 0.023 Residual Error 66 1016.4 1016.4 15.400
Lack-of-Fit 10 907.7 907.7 90.768 46.76 0.000 Pure Error 56 108.7 108.7 1.941
Total 80 2477.3
Unusual Observations for Yield
Obs StdOrder Yield Fit SE Fit Residual St Resid 15 55 68.670 60.798 1.730 7.872 2.23 R 19 4 58.680 65.830 1.730 -7.150 -2.03 R 34 31 58.680 65.830 1.730 -7.150 -2.03 R 56 28 68.670 60.798 1.730 7.872 2.23 R 59 1 68.670 60.798 1.730 7.872 2.23 R 72 58 58.680 65.830 1.730 -7.150 -2.03 R R denotes an observation with a large standardized residual.
Estimated Regression Coefficients for Yield using data in uncoded units Term Coef
Constant 406.463 molar ratio 9.75269 cat conc. -18.3572
71
temp -9.03280 time -3.46350 molar ratio*molar ratio -0.663056 cat conc.*cat conc. -2.04115 temp*temp 0.0661833 time*time 0.0205958 molar ratio*cat conc. -2.74444 molar ratio*temp -0.0329444 molar ratio*time 0.0407500 cat conc.*temp 0.825185 cat conc.*time -0.183333 temp*time 0.0183000
APPENDIX J
Response Surface Regression: Yield versus molar ratio, cat conc., time
The analysis was done using coded units.
Estimated Regression Coefficients for Yield
Term Coef SE Coef T P Constant 74.228 0.7630 97.282 0.000 molar ratio 1.042 0.6608 1.577 0.119 cat conc. 1.474 0.6608 2.231 0.029 time -1.622 0.6608 -2.455 0.016 molar ratio*molar ratio -6.278 0.9048 -6.938 0.000 time*time 1.749 0.9048 1.933 0.057 molar ratio*cat conc. -3.705 1.1445 -3.237 0.002
S = 3.96473 PRESS = 1458.35
R-Sq = 53.04% R-Sq(pred) = 41.13% R-Sq(adj) = 49.24%
Analysis of Variance for Yield
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Regression 6 1314.1 1314.1 219.012 13.93 0.000 Linear 3 212.1 212.1 70.693 4.50 0.006 Square 2 937.3 937.3 468.635 29.81 0.000 Interaction 1 164.7 164.7 164.724 10.48 0.002 Residual Error 74 1163.2 1163.2 15.719
Lack-of-Fit 12 749.6 749.6 62.463 9.36 0.000 Pure Error 62 413.7 413.7 6.672
Total 80 2477.3
Unusual Observations for Yield
Obs StdOrder Yield Fit SE Fit Residual St Resid 19 4 58.680 66.761 1.646 -8.081 -2.24 R 34 31 58.680 66.761 1.646 -8.081 -2.24 R 35 72 77.100 68.992 0.982 8.108 2.11 R 57 45 77.100 68.992 0.982 8.108 2.11 R 64 18 77.100 68.992 0.982 8.108 2.11 R 72 58 58.680 66.761 1.646 -8.081 -2.24 R R denotes an observation with a large standardized residual.
Estimated Regression Coefficients for Yield using data in uncoded units