La educación en valores en los procesos educativos actuales

SPSBIC2019 51 | P a g e Figure 4.8: FT-IR spectra of synthesized Chitosan

The FTIR spectra for the synthesized chitosan gave a characteristic wide band of NH at 3386.34 cm^-1 which corresponded to the N-H stretching vibrating band of free amino acids. Likewise, the band observed at 1786.77 cm-1 corresponded to the carbonyl group band. The band at 3642.39 cm-1 is a result of the stretching primary hydroxyl groups of tertiary O-H stretching as reported by (Thillai, et al., 2017; Abdulkarim, et al., 2013)

Table 4.13: Wavenumbers and chemical group of FT-IR absorption bands for chitosan S/N Standard Chitosan

Wavelength in cm^-1

Synthesized Chitosan Wavelength in cm^-1

Group

1. 3450 3642.39 OH hydroxyl group

2. 3360 3386.34 N-H group-stretching

vibration

3. 2920, 2880, 1430, 1320 2918.74, 2851.24 Symmetric or asymmetric CH2 stretching vibration

4. 1275,1245 1245.79 Attributed to pyranose ring

5. 1730 1786.77 Carbonyl group vibration

6. 1660 1600.15 C=O in amide group (amide I

band)

7. 1560 1473.19 NH-bending vibration in

amide group

8. 1590 1473.19 NH2 in amino group

9. 1415, 1320 1245.79 Vibrations of OH, CH in the

ring

10. 1380 1473.19 CH3 in amide group

11. 1255 1245.79 C–O group

12. 1150, 1040 1082.84 –C–O–C– in glycosidic

linkage

13. 850, 838 861.60 CH3COH group

0.00E+00 2.00E+00 4.00E+00 6.00E+00 8.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.20E+01 1.40E+01 1.60E+01 1.80E+01 2.00E+01

0 500

1000 1500

2000 2500

3000 3500

4000

% Transmittance

Wavenumber cm-1

SPSBIC2019 52 | P a g e 5. Conclusion

Most of the process parameters have a significant effect on thedeacetylation (DA) yield %.

From the ANOVA analysis the significant factors are the quadratic effects of the NaOH concentration (A²), the chitin to alkali ratio (B²), and the reaction temperature (C²) because their p-values are less than 0.05 respectively. Similarly, the interaction effect of NaOH concentration and Reaction Temperature (AC) including the linear effects of the NaOH concentration (A), the linear effects of the Chitin to Alkali ratio (B) and Reaction Temperature (C) can also be considered as having a significant effect in terms of DD yield %with p-values less than 0.05 respectively. The other factors have no statistically significant effect.

The surface plot shows the interaction effect of the various process variables considered against the DA yield %.The optimization data from this studyresulted in an optimum DA yield of at NaOH concentration, Chitin to Solvent ratio, Reaction temperature and Reaction time of 40%, 1:13.50, 75 ^oC and 120 minutes.

The successful extraction of chitosan fromtheAfrican Giant Land Snail Shell (Archachatinamarginata) and the optimization of process variables involved in its extraction provides data on how these various process variables viz NaOH concentration, Chitin to Solvent ratio, Reaction temperature and Reaction timeaffect the extraction of chitosan from the African Giant Land snail shell. Similarly, it provides a market for the utilization of these snail shell and also shows the viability of the theAfrican Giant Land snail shell as a suitable raw material for chitosan extraction. The strutural analysis of the synthesised chitosan shows that the synthesied chitosan has similar properties with standardied chitosan as reported in literature.

References

Abdulkarim, A., Isa, M.T., Abdulsalam, S., Muhammad, A.J. andAmeh, A.O. (2013), Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Mussel Shell. Civil and Environmental Research, Vol 3, 108 – 114.

Ameh A.O., Isa M.T., Adeleye T.J. and Adama K.K. (2013). Kinetics of demineralization of shrimp exoskeleton in chitin and chitosan synthesis. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science.,Vol 4, 32 – 37.

Enyeribe, C.C., Kogo A.A., Yakubu M.K., Obadahun, J., Agho, B.O. andKadanga, B. (2017), Effect of Degrees of Deacetylation on The Antimicrobial Activities of Chitosan.

International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications,Vol 1, 55 – 61.

Gbenebor, O.P., Akpan, E.I. and Adeosun, S.O., (2017), Thermal, structural and acetylation behavior of snail and periwinkle shells chitin. Progress in Biomaterials,Vol 1, 13 – 19.

Hongkulsup, C., Khutoryanskiy, V. and Niranjan, K., (2016), Enzyme assisted extraction of chitin from shrimp shells (Litopenaeusvannamei). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,Vol 91, 1250 – 1256.

SPSBIC2019 53 | P a g e Hossain, M.S., and Iqbal, A., (2014), Production and characterization of chitosan from shrimp

waste. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Vol 12, 153 – 160.

Islam, M., Shah, M., Masum, M., Rahman, M., Ashraful, I.M., Shaikh, A.A. and Roy, S.K.

(2011). Preparation of Chitosan from Shrimp Shell and Investigation of Its Properties, International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,Vol 11, 77 – 80.

Islem, Y., and Marguerite, R., (2015), Chitin and Chitosan Preparation from Marine Sources:

Structure, Properties and Applications. Journal of Marine Drugs,Vol13, 1133 – 1174.

Joshy, C.G., Zynudheen, A.A., George, N., Ronda, V., andSabeena, M. (2016), Optimization of Process Parameters for the Production of Chitin from the Shell of Flowertail Shrimp (Metapenaeusdobsoni). Society of Fishery Technology India,Vol53, 140 – 145.

Kaewboonruang, S., Phatrabuddha, N., Sawangwong, P., andPitaksanurat, S., (2016),Comparative Studies on the Extraction of Chitin – Chitosan from Golden Apple Snail Shells at the Control Field. IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering,Vol 3, 34 – 41.

Mahmoud, N.S., Ghaly, A.E. and Arab, F., (2007), Unconventional Approach for Demineralization of Deproteinized Crustacean Shells for Chitin Production. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,Vol3, 1 – 9.

Majekodunmi. O.S., (2016), Current Development of Extraction, Characterization and Evaluation of Properties of Chitosan and Its Use in Medicine and Pharmaceutical Industry.

American Journal of Polymer Science,Vol6, 86 – 91.

Muxika, A., Etxabide, A., Uranga, J.P., Guerrero, K. and de la Caba., (2017), Chitosan as a bioactive polymer: Processing, properties and applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,Vol 105, 1358 – 1368.

Nisha, P. andPandharipande, S.L., (2016), Review on synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of chitosan. International journal of engineering sciences & research technology,Vol 5, 334 – 344.

Russell, G.S., (2013), A Review of the Applications of Chitin and Its Derivatives in Agriculture to Modify Plant-Microbial Interactions and Improve Crop Yields. Journal of Agronomy,Vol3, 757 – 793.

Shanta, P., Paras N.Y. and Rameshwar A., (2015), Applications of Chitin and Chitosan in Industry and Medical Science: A Review. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology,Vol 16, 99 – 104.

Shridhar, Bagali S., Beena,K.V., Anita,M.V. and Paramjeet,K.B. (2010), Optimization and characterization of Castor Seed Oil. Leanardo Journal of Science,Vol1, 59 – 70.

Thillai N. S., Kalyanasundaram, N., and Ravi, S. (2017). Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Achatinodes. Natural Products Chemistry & Research, Vol5, 1 – 5.

SPSBIC2019 54 | P a g e Wassila A., Leila A., Lydia A. andAbdeltif A. (2013). Chitin Extraction from Crustacean Shells

Using Biological Methods – A Review. Food Technology Biotechnology,Vol51, 12 – 25.

SPSBIC2019 55 | P a g e

Characterization of Selected Ore Deposits for The Determination of Elements and Oxides Composition of Gold in Niger State For Industrial

Application

Isaac A. Joseph*¹; Elizabeth J. Eterigho² and J.O. Okafor³

Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

E-mail: *¹ [email protected], ²[email protected],

3[email protected]

Abstract:

This work presents the determination of elemental and oxide composition of gold ores from different mining locations in Niger State, Nigeria. The aim is to provide useful information on the availability of elements and its oxides of high economic values that can serve as raw materials for industrial applications. These ores samples were collected from four different locations. The chemical analyses of the ores were carried out using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The results show that Paiko Ore consists essentially of Si (58 %), Fe (2.1 %), Au (1.23 %), Mg (0.8 %), SiO2 (71.9 %), Al2O3 (7.1 %), Fe2O3 (2.9 %) and MgO (1.26 %) while Garatu Ore consist mainly of Si (63.5 %), Fe (2.7 %), Au (0.7 %), SiO2 (53.7 %), Al2O3 (10.2

%) and Fe (3.9 %). The essential composition of Chanchaga ore are Si (75.4 %), Fe (7.7 %), Ca (1.1 %), Au (1 %), SiO2 (23.16 %), Fe2O3 (11.1 %), CaO (1.5 %) and TiO2 (1%) while Ore sample from Maitunbi consists of Si (69.5 %), Fe (4 %), Au (0.88 %), SiO2 (40.7 %), Al2O3 (9.9 %). The high amounts of Au, Si, SiO2 and TiO2 in these ores show that they are suitable raw materials for industrial applications.

Keywords: elemental composition, oxide composition, gold ore