4.3.1 EFECTOS DE LAS RELACIONES DE CONSUMO.

Refers to a generic term for the main units in any international system over history, regardless of those units' internal composition or territorial scope. Thus, speaking in the broadest possible terms, political communities as diverse as the Greek polis, the warring kingdoms of ancient China, tribes in Meso-America, feudal entities in medieval Europe, multinational empires of the Persians, the Ottoman Turks, and the Mongols, and modern territorial nation-states, all fall under the general category of states. It can also be rightly seen as a specific form of political community that originated in Western Europe during fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which later became the predominate form of political community throughout the globe during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

In this definition, the "state" differs from other forms of political organization in that there is clear hierarchy within the political community, defined territorial borders, some extractive capacity vis-à-vis civil society, and where the government claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within its own territory. Finally a state is a synonym for the government or administrative apparatus of a state, as distinguished from civil society.

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE

Identify the ways in which a state is different from other political organisations?

152 3.12. Sustainable Development

According to advocates of sustainable development, three priorities should be incorporated into all development programmes: Maintenance of ecological processes;

sustainable use of resources and the maintenance of biodiversity. Sustainable development gained credence thanks to the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED; also known as the Brundtland Commission after its chair, Gro Harlem Brundtland of Norway), which was formed by the United Nations (UN) in 1983 and reported four years later. The Commission defined sustainable development as that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. One strength of the sustainability idea is that it draws together environmental, economic, and social concerns. In practice, most would agree on a number of common guiding principles for sustainable development: • continued support of human life; • continued maintenance of environmental quality and the long- term stock of biological resources; • the right of future generations to resources that are of equal worth to those used today.

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE

Identify the major principles of sustainable development?

4.0. CONCLUSION

The fore-going all have significant bearing in international relations, regional blocs for example have grown in importance recently as most countries are banding together to reap the benefits of trade. There will also continue to be disagreement over recognition and what constitutes recognition. Coming to the S- concept, Sovereignty is a concept to which the entire world is familiar with; it is not rare to see a country bitterly contesting actions which question its independence; security too is another concept to which a majority, indeed all countries are concerned with because it ensures national survival.

Secession is also another concept which was brought to fore by the secession of South Sudan.

5.0 SUMMARY

Our discussions in this unit have dwelled on concepts such as Realism, Recognition, Region, Regionalism and Regional Blocs. In this Unit we have reviewed such concepts as Safe Haven, State, Session, State-Centrism, Security, State System, Security Dilemma,

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Structuralism, Security Studies, Sub-System, Self Determination ,Sustainable

Development, Self-Help, State-To-Nation Balance, Social Science Approach, Sovereignty and Spratly Islands.

6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT

Examine the effects of regionalism in world politics today?

Given the global hunger for raw materials which is exemplified by China is the so called sustainable development theory feasible in the light of this rapaciousness? Discuss 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS

Barkin, J. and Cronin, B. (1994), ‘The state and the nation: changing norms and the rules of sovereignty in international relations’, International Organization 48: 107–30.

Bhalla, A. and Bhalla, P. (1997), Regional Blocs. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Evans, G. and Newnham, J. (1998), The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations.

London: Clays Ltd, St Ives plc.

Gamble, A. and Payne A. (eds.) (1996), Regionalism and World Order. New York: St Martin’s Press.

Geiger, T. and Kennedy, D. (1996), Regional Trade Blocs: Multilateralism and the GATT. New York: Pinter.

Griffiths, M. and O’Callaghan, T. (2002) International Relations: The Key Concepts.

London: Routledge. www.csspoint.yolasite.com

Guzzini, S. (1998), Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: The Continuing Story of a Death Foretold. London: Routledge.

Hoyt, P. (2000) ‘The “rogue state” image in American foreign policy’, Global Society 14:

297–310.

Klare, M. (1995) Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws. New York: Hill & Wang.

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Meadwell, H. (1999) ‘Secession, states and international society’, Review of International Studies 25: 371–87.

Rieff, D. (1995) Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West. London: Vintage.

Social Media:

file:///C:/Users/my%20books/Social%20media%20%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20e ncyclopedia.htm#mw-navigation

Tamir, Y. (1991), ‘The right of self-determination’, Social Research 58: 565–90.

Wheeler and Booth, K. (1992), ‘The security dilemma’ in Baylis, J. and Rengger, N.

(eds.), Dilemmas of World Politics: International Issues in a Changing World. Oxford:

Clarendon Press.

Wheeler, N. (2000), Saving Strangers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Williams, M. (2000), International Relations Theory and European Integration: Power, Security and Community. London: Routledge.

155 UNIT 5: T - Z CONCEPTS

CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives

3.0 Main Content 3.1. Terrorism 3.2. Theory 3.3. Third World

3.4. Tragedy of the Commons 3.5. Unipolarity

3.6. United-Nations 3.7. War 3.8. War Crime

3.9. Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 3.10. World Bank

3.11. World Trade Organisation (WTO) 3.12. World System Theory

3.13. Xenophobia 3.14. Zero-Sum 4.0 Conclusion

5.0 Summary

6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0. INTRODUCTION

In this Unit we will explore, amongst others basically two concepts- terrorism and third world. In a sense the one is the most important international concern at the moment while the other is fast losing salience. The Unit examines the concept of unipolarity and the ubiquitous United Nations. This concept is important because the present state of the world is said to be unipolar. The Unit will thus look at the issues surrounding it. In this unit we shall also examine perhaps some of the most interesting concepts in international relations history. Firstly, the treaty of Westphalia is the foundation upon which the modern state is set. War crime has also captured imagination especially in the last

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century. Thus this final unit will attempt albeit succinctly to provide penetrating details on them.

2. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

(i) List some major Terrorist Network Organisations

(ii) Outline the attributes obtainable in some of the concepts

3.0 MAIN CONTENT