EJEMPLOS DE PREGUNTAS POR COMPETENCIA

95

of the A n d h r a p a rt of the G o d a v a r i va l l e y . It is p o s s i b l e that this w a s the r o u t e f r o m P a d a n a or B o d h a n a in the N i z a m a b a d d i s t r i c t t ak e n

(175 b y a p i l g r i m w h o v i s i t e d S a n c h i d u r i n g the e a r l y h i s t o r i c a l period. It w a s the l i n k r o u t e b e t w e e n

Karmaka-patha

and DaksinZtpatha.

T h e r e w a s a n o t h e r m a j o r r o u t e s t r e t c h i n g f r o m the l ower G a n g e t i c v a l l e y t h r o u g h O r i s s a into c o a s t a l A n d h r a and r u n n i n g f u r t h e r s o u t h into T a m i l Nadu. A l l the b r a n c h e s of

Karmaka-patha

h e a d i n g t o w a r d s the sea i n t e r s e c t w i t h this c o a s t a l r o u t e of the r e g i o n of M a i s o l i a d i s c u s s e d e a r li er . T h e g r o w t h of this r o u t e w a s c r u c i a l to

the o p e n i n g of t he G o d a v a r i d i s t r i c t s in the e a r l y h i s t o r i c a l period. P a r t of this r o u t e h a s b e e n m e n t i o n e d in the

Mahtibhavata.

It s p e a k s of the j o u r n e y of the P S n d a v a s a l o n g the s e a s h o r e to the l a n d of the K a l i A g a s , w h e n c e Y u d h i s t h i r a h e a d e d t o w a r d s M a h e n d r a g i r i a n d the G o d a v a r i an d a f t e r c r o s s i n g the r i v e r r e a c h e d the sea in the D r a v i d a l a n d . ^ 1 ^ M a h e n d r a g i r i is the m o u n t a i n of the s ame n a m e in

(177

the p r e s e n t - d a y S r i k a k u l a m d i s t r i c t of A n d h r a P r a d e s h , and the land b e y o n d G o d a v a r i is d e l t a i c A n d h r a . K h a r a v e l a , a n e a r l y k i n g of K a l i n g a , p r o b a b l y f o l l o w e d this r o u t e to the l o w e r K r i s h n a r e g i o n on (178 h i s c o nque s t s . In l a t e r c e n t u r i e s it b e c a m e the p r i n c i p a l r o u t e (179 c o n n e c t i n g A n d h r a P r a d e s h w i t h the G a n g e t i c v a lley.

175

Lilders List3

Nos. 278 and 6l6. 1 7 6

Mbh.}

III^

_{1 1 7}

_,

₂₈

.

177 N.L. Dey,

Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India3

178 J. Ph. Vogel,' E.I.3 Vol. XX, pp. 71 f f . London, 1899, p. 50. 179 It was the route of Samudragupta1s exploits in South India

as described by the Allahabad Pillar inscription.

Corpus Inscriptionum Indicavum3

Vol. Ill, p. 6 ff.

96

A third m a j o r r o u t e r u n n i n g f r o m P u n e to K a n c h i p u r a m p a s s e d t h r o u g h w e s t e r n A n d h r a o n its way. B e g i n n i n g f r o m Pune, it w e n t to A d m a d n a g a r d i s t r i c t a n d t h e n t o w a r d s the G o l c o n d a p l a te au. F o l l o w i n g the r ive r s B h i m a an d K r i s h n a it e n t e r e d the A n d h r a p a r t of the K r i s h n a - T u n g a b h a d r a

dodb.

it t h e n p r o c e e d e d to the w e s t of the N a l l a m a l a i h i l l s and r e a c h e d the c o a s t b y f o l l o w i n g the c o u r s e of the n o r t h P e n n e r river.

W e h a v e a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d the w a t e r w a y s w h i l e d i s c u s s i n g the n a t u r e of s h i p p i n g in this region. T h e n a v i g a b l e K r i s h n a w i t h its t r i b u t a r i e s ha s b e e n u s e d as a n e f f i c i e n t m e a n s of c o m m u n i c a t i o n . Sh ip s n o t o n l y p l i e d a l o n g the c o a s t b u t a lso d e p a r t e d for r e g i o n s of S o u t h e a s t A s i a f r o m n o r t h - e a s t A n d h r a . T h u s t h e s e c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k s a n d trade r o u t e s f a c i l i t a t e d the g r o w t h of c o m m e r c e and the e a r l y h i s t o r i c a l c u l t u r e in A n d h r a P r ad e sh.

O n e of the l i m i t a t i o n s of t r a d e in p r e - i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s w a s the m e a n s of t r a n s p o r t . A l t h o u g h w a t e r w a y s w e r e p r e f e r r e d to land rou te s, d ue to the few e r h a z a r d s e n c o u n t e r e d , the two w e r e o f t e n c o m p l e m e n t a r y . T h e e v i d e n c e a v a i l a b l e for w a t e r t r a n s p o r t has a l r e a d y b e e n d i s c u s s e d w i t h r e l a t i o n to S o u t h e a s t Asia. In A n d h r a Pra d e s h , as e l s e w h e r e in the w o r l d , r i v e r s s e r v e d as

'moving r o a d s ' . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of N a g a r j u n a k o n d a and D h a r a n i k o t a in this r e s p e c t w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d in the n e x t c h a p t e r on u r b a n ce ntres.

F r o m the t i m e of the M a u r y a n p e n e t r a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k s b e t w e e n A n d h r a P r a d e s h a nd n o r t h e r n I n d i a im pro ved. T h e e x t e n s i o n of S a t a v a h a n a a u t h o r i t y into the l o w e r K r i s h n a v a l l e y and the g r o w t h of n u m e r o u s a g r a r i a n s e t t l e m e n t s in e a r l y h i s t o r i c a l times

97

98

c o n t r i b u t e d to s u c h n e t w o r k s w i t h i n the region.

The Periplus

m e n t i o n s 'many d e s e r t r e g i o n s and g r e a t mountains' and 'great trac t s w i t h o u t roads' to the east of B a r y g a z a , w h i c h i n c l u d e d som e of the

(181

h a z a r d o u s t e r r a i n s of A n d h r a P r a d e s h . T h e s a me text r e f e r s to (182 w a g o n s w h i c h w e r e u s e d to t r a n s p o r t g o o d s f r o m the A n d h r a d ist ri c t s .

T h e

Arthasastra

m e n t i o n s that t h ere w e r e b o t h c a r t - t r a c k s and f o o t p a t h s for s h o u l d e r - l o a d s (

arnsapatha

) l e a d i n g to the sou t h of the p e n in s u l a . T h e f o r m e r w e r e c o n s i d e r e d b e t t e r as t hey f a c i l i t a t e d

/ T O O

the t r a n s p o r t of g o o d s on a l a r g e scale. T ha t d i f f e r e n t typ es of c a r t s w e r e u s e d d u r i n g this p e r i o d can be i n f e r r e d f r o m c o n t e m p o r a r y s c u l p t u r e s at v a r i o u s B u d d h i s t s i t e s in A n d h r a P r a d e s h . a lig ht b u l l o c k cart, a l t h o u g h b u i l t w i t h s o l i d w h e e l s , a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n (185 u s e d for p a s s e n g e r c o n v e y a n c e . T h e r e w e r e a lso h e a v i l y - b u i l t ca r t s 8fi d r a w n by b u l l o c k s a n d h or s e s . A p a n e l f r o m N a g a r j u n a k o n d a d e p i c t s a cart w i t h a n o p e n - b o x f r a m e a n d s p o k e d w h e e l s , c a r r y i n g a h e a v y load f I o n

of goods. It is d r a w n b y f o ur h or s es. T h i s c a t e g o r y of car ts a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n u s e d for c a r r y i n g m e r c h a n d i s e o v e r l ong d i s t a n c e s .

l8l Sec. 50. 182 Sec. 51. 183 Ch. VII, 12.

l8*+ For an account of the bullock-cart in earlier times, see P.K. Gode, 'The Indian Bullock-cart: its Pre-historic and Vedic Ancestors'',

Poona Orientalist3

Vol. V, pp. llU-51. 185 Examples of this vehicle come from Goli and Amaravati,

T.N. Ramachandran,

Buddhist Sculptures from a Stupa near Goli

Village3 Guntur District3

Madras, 1929, pi. V-c.2 and d;

C. Sivaramamurti,

op. cit. 3

p.

ikO ,

pi. X, fig. 19 and L X I I I , Fig. 5C.

186

Ibid.3

p. 1^0.

₁₈₇

Archaeological Survey of India3 Annual Report3

In document INSTITUTO COLOMBIANO PARA EL FOMENTO DE LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR –ICFES- FUNDAMENTACIÓN CONCEPTUAL ÁREA DE CIENCIAS NATURALES (página 58-61)