A) which include both federal and state taxes, are expected to rise
considerably
B) which have been increasing steadily for quite some time now, have almost equalled those in Japan and even Europe
C) even if the taxes were to be increased considerably, would still be much lower than in other industrialized countries D) which have not risen for a long time,
seem likely to remain stable E) where consumers go for cars with
better fuel economy, have caused no change in driving habits
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Throughout his working life, Shakespeareworked as an actor in the midst of a troupe.
We know little about his first years in London, For a few years between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears altogether from the public records, and the most (I) ---- reason for this is that, for at least some of this time, he was working for one of the city's acting companies;
(II) ---- a junior member he would not be listed among the troupe's principal players. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in London was largely concentrated in Shoreditch and Southwark, districts of London. Shakespeare could have lived anywhere, but Shoreditch, which would have been cheap and convenient, is a likely (III) ---- for a young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may have moved from troupe to troupe (IV) ---- survive. Whatever the case, working conditions must have been similar. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters aside, a company would perform a different play each afternoon of the week, though some plays would be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usually had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading player such as Alleyn or Burbage must have (V) ---- nearly 5, 000 lines a week.
96. I
A) likely B) complicated C) selfish D) compulsive E) various 97. II
A) as B) between C) of
D) throughout E) in
98. III
A) outcome B) possibility C) candidate D) duration E) demand 99. IV
A) in order to B) in addition to C) instead of D) as a result of E) with a view to 100. V
A) take over from B) make sure of C) look down on D) keep in mind E) get away with
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101. According to the passage, inShakespeare's time, ----.
A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a great many roles each week B) there was no theatrical activity
anywhere in England except for London
C) leading actors would only agree to appear in certain roles
D) an acting company usually staged a new play each week
E) acting was regarded as an immoral occupation
102. We learn from the passage that, in Shakespeare's London, theatres ----.
A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or Burbage in their troupe
B) were normally open to the public six afternoons a week
C) provided actors with a comfortable and profitable way of life
D) were rather like drama schools and they trained actors
E) all had their own leading players 103. It is clear from the passage that
Shakespeare, during his early years in London, ----.
A) gained experience as an actor by appearing in a huge variety of parts B) was encouraged to write plays by
Alleyn and Burbage
C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of plays
D) preferred living in Southwark to Shoreditch
E) was little known as an actor though he was probably acting
104. We understand from the passage that in the late 16th century ----.
A) it was illegal to hold theatrical performances on religious days B) Shoreditch and Southwark were
heavily populated commercial districts C) there was apparently a great deal of
public interest in the theatres D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage
was already on the decline E) working conditions in the theatres
varied enormously
105. It was clear from the passage that, for Shakespeare, they years in London up to 1592 ---.
A) were times of hardship and uncertainty B) were a period of widespread public
recognition
C) marked a turning point in his life D) brought many great changes and
opportunities
E) were the period during which he established a lifelong friendship with Alleyn and Burbage
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Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and hercolleagues have been studying the subtleties of how crows steal food from one another.
Atkinson had been watching the birds at the beach (I) ---- they (II) ---- fish, clams and other small animals in the intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow had found a particularly large meal that couldn't be eaten in a single gulp, another crow would often come by and try to steal the food away. Food theft is fairly common in the bird world, (III) ---- the crows' thievery wasn't unexpected. What really intrigued Atkinson was (IV) ---- the birds employed two different tactics to take the food.
In some instances, the thieving bird would take an aggressive approach - typically involving some chasing or physical contact, such as pecking in other exchanges, however, the thief would use a more passive method: merely approaching the other bird (V) ---- and stealing the food without any commotion at all. What the team wanted to know was: how did these tactics fit into the group foraging practices of the crows?
106. I A) then B) during C) so far D) even if E) as 107. II
A) serve up B) pass out C) join in D) feed on E) send for 108. III
A) if B) so C) but D) because E) such as 109. IV
A) that B) which C) those D) where E) it 110. V
A) secretively B) candidly C) remotely D) clearly E) noisily
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111. According to the passage, thequestion that interested the research team was ----.
A) whether the crows' stealing practices were instinctive or acquired
B) wry the crows chose to steal
C) related to the crows' foraging practices D) whether the nature of the food affected
the degree of attempted theft
E) whether the stealing practices of crows differed from those of other birds 112. It is clear from the passage that the
research team was not surprised that the crows were trying to steal from each other common ----.
A) because this is a practice among birds B) since there was a scarcity of food at
the time
C) though crows don't steal food as often as other birds do
D) but it was surprised at their rate of success
E) but the bitterness of the fight came as a surprise
113. According to the passage, when one crow plans to steal food from another one, ----
A) this is really a means of establishing its superiority
B) it will invariably try to do so in the first place without being seen
C) there will inevitably be a fight between the two
D) this is a sure sign that both crows are really hungry
E) it will sometimes approach quite openly and boldly
114. We understand from the passage that so long as a crow ----.
A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will encounter no challenge
B) can find food easily, it will not steal from another crow
C) can get food by stealing, it won't look elsewhere for it
D) has eaten well, it is unlikely to try to steal food
E) is able to steal food without fighting, this is the method it will favour 115. It is clear from the passage that
Jane Atkinson and her colleagues ----.
A) knew much more about crows than about any other type of bird.
B) are specialist in bird behaviour C) are only interested in the eating habits
of birds
D) are particularly interested in the
different types of food that crows like to eat
E) are impressed by the similarity between stealing practices of ail bird species
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In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplifythe most joyless (I) ---- of capitalism. The 'industry', as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic ideas and images as commodities and then values those
commodities according to how they 'penetrate' markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know what the public (II) ---- will want to buy. So films are tested in front of preview audiences, revised according to the audience's suggestions, tested again, and then marketed with a vigour directly proportionate (III) ---- the test scores.
There are two problems (IV) ---- this approach.
The first is that the test-sample size is minimal but can determine a film's fate. The second is that by the time the test audience sees a film it's too late to change it very much anyway, particularly (V) ---- twenty, fifty or a hundred million dollars has already been spent.
116. I
A) commerce B) insignificance C) ignorance D) aspects E) examination 117. II
A) at large B) the same C) for fear D) in excess E) to the contrary 118. III
A) to B) among C) as D) by E) without 119. IV
A) from B) out C) along D) with E) at 120. V
A) before B) unless C) but D) even if E) when
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121. One point made in the passageabout test audiences is that they ----.
A) seldom have any real understanding of artistic values
B) add to the expenses of film-making C) rarely have any constructive criticism
to make
D) are ignorant of the Hollywood techniques of filmmaking
E) are too small to be truly representative of the general public
122. According to the passage, film-makers find it difficult to ----.
A) carry out any market research to find out about the wishes of film-goers B) find volunteers for their preview
audiences
C) raise the money needed for film- making
D) guess what sort of films will be popular and so profitable
E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their audiences
123. As we understand from the passage, the writer ----.
A) is a great admirer of Hollywood's film-making
B) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry
C) is sympathetic towards the film-industry and wants it to be more successful
D) attaches great importance to the suggestions of preview audiences E) thinks that the amount spent on a film
is usually in proportion to its success 124. It is clear from the passage that
Hollywood regards its films as ----.
A) commodities to be selectively marketed to suitable audiences B) artistic creations designed for
sophisticated audiences
C) goods to be dynamically marketed D) the most creative products of
capitalism
E) financial investments which are sure to make a profit
125. We understand from the passage that the making of a film ----.
A) is far more important than the marketing of it
B) usually involves a very large financial investment
C) is a strictly secret process until it finally goes on show
D) usually follows the norms established by Hollywood
E) is guided by a whole series of representative preview audiences
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Reading (I) ---- a real paradox toneurobiologists. It was only invented a few thousand years ago, so there really has not been enough time for our brain (II) ----
specialized ways to do it. How do brain circuits produced by millions of years of evolution in a world without written words adapt to the specific challenges of reading? We know we have to learn the skill but how does our brain learn to read? In the social sciences, the majority of researchers do not see a problem.
There is a widespread view that the brain is a completely adaptable organ, (III) ---- of absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent findings from brain imaging studies and neurophysiology throw new light (IV) ---- the organization of the reading circuits in the brain.
The findings contradict this simplistic model of a brain that merely absorbs everything from its cultural environment. And they suggest that the architecture of our brain is limited by strong genetic constraints (V) ---- it seems that it has still some degree of flexibility.
126. I
A) explores B) presents C) explains D) appears E) interests 127. II
A) to evolve
B) to have been evolved C) evolving
D) evolves E) evolved 128. III
A) capable B) accusative C) obvious D) aware E) competitive 129. IV
A) by B) of C) about D) under E) on 130. V
A) now that B) though C) besides D) since E) because
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131. The passage makes the point that,until recently, ----.
A) it was only the abnormal brain that attracted any attention
B) researchers in social sciences ignored the views of neurophysiologists concerning the brain
C) the brain was generally thought to adapt itself easily to new cultural environments
D) the structure of the brain did not attract much attention except from
neurobiologists
E) neurophysiologists were not aware of the structural complexity of the brain 132. The writer is intrigued by the fact
that the brain, which evolved long before the written word came into use, ----.
A) had already had the genetic capacity to form words
B) had been able to communicate through images
C) had already developed certain reading circuits
D) managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skill of reading
E) had already achieved full flexibility to adapt itself to new forms of culture 133. A recent view neurophysiologists,
the brain, is that ----.
A) it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by genetic heritage B) its structure is largely shaped by
genetic traits
C) it has developed various specialized skills over the last thousand years or so
D) its circuits have remained constant for millions of years
E) its creative powers are more apparent in some fields of learning
134. According to the passage, although people have had the skill of reading for several thousand years, ----.
A) the actual process of learning how to read has only just been discovered by neurophysiologists
B) there has been no improvement in the speed at when people can read C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot
cope with different cultures
D) from the angle of evolution, this has been insufficient for the brain to develop particularized reading skills E) it is only in the social sciences that this
skill has been seriously studied 135. The purpose of the passage is to
----.
A) explain how the brain has evolved towards creativity over thousands of years
B) raise questions about, rather than explain, the reading abilities of the brain
C) highlight recent developments and controversies in the field of neurophysiology
D) emphasize the adverse effects of different cultural environments on the human brain way from
E) draw attention to the neurobiology differs neurophysiology
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Throughout history, eyewitnesses (I) ----orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days before and during an earthquake. It was in 1968, however, that the first photographs of 'earthquake lights' were taken during a series of earthquakes in Japan. Some showed red streaks (II) ---- the sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a distance. In 1999, floating bails of light in the sky were broadcast on Turkish television, (III) ---- filmed the night before the devastating earthquake of 7.4 on the Richter scale that killed many thousand people in the Marmara region of Turkey.
Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of earthquake lights (IV) ---- their existence. It has to be said that earthquake lights are a fairly well-known phenomenon, but we don't know what they mean, or what causes them.
Seismologists have (V) ---- for years to find a reliable earthquake predictor. Could the lights hold the key?
136. I
A) had been reported B) are reporting C) will have reported D) have reported E) were reported 137. II
A) at B) beneath C) through D) across E) over 138. III
A) reportedly B) fairly C) enjoyably D) generously E) awfully 139. IV
A) continue B) force C) eliminate D) fade E) confirm 140. V
A) suffered B) experienced C) unearthed D) struggled E) afflicted
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141. In the passage, the writer wonderswhether ----.
A) earthquakes lights might help in the prediction of earthquakes
B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before an earthquake were actually seen
C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in Japan are of any scientific use D) earthquakes cause the lights, or
whether the lights cause the earthquakes
E) the devastation caused by the
Marmara earthquake could have been prevented
142. We understand from the passage that the sighting of earthquake lights ----.
A) has led to a great deal of confused and contradictory reporting among
seismologists
B) first occurred in Japan
C) is a fairly recent phenomenon in Japan D) has attracted virtually no scientific
attention from seismologists E) goes back a very long way in time 143. It is pointed out in the passage that
the photographic recording of earthquake lights ----.
A) was made for the first time less than half a century ago
B) was only done with great success during the Marmara earthquake C) is what finally convinced people of their
existence
D) is widely regarded as a visual deception
E) has always been a major concern for seismologists
144. The writer of the passage seems to be confident that ----.
A) seismology is advancing rapidly through the study of earthquakes lights B) future earthquakes will be reliably
predicted by means of earthquake lights
C) earthquake lights have frequently been observed and even filmed
D) the mystery of earthquake lights can never be resolved
E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes in the sky are a sure sign of an
approaching earthquake
145. The passage emphasizes the fact that the Marmara earthquake ----.
A) was televised as it was happening B) was followed by strange lights in the
sky
C) was indeed a catastrophic one D) greatly puzzled seismologists
E) took everyone, seismologists included, by surprise
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(I) ---- the past few decades four East Asianeconomies - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong - (II) ---- the fastest rates of economic growth the world has ever seen. In 1962 Taiwan stood between Zaire and the Congo on the global ranking of income per head: by 1986 its neighbours were Greece and Malta. In 1962 South Korea was poorer than Sudan: by 1986 it was richer than Argentina.
Today the four 'dragons' (III) ---- 10 per cent of manufactured exports worldwide, not far short of America's 12 per cent. Understanding this miracle is the most urgent task in development economics. But most economists are content to cite the dragons (IV) ---- proof of their favourite theories - whatever those theories may be. Free marketers point to the dragons' (V) ---- on private enterprise, markets and relatively undistorted trade regimes.
Interventionists point with equal assurance to clever bureaucracies, non-market allocation of resources and highly distorted trade regimes.
146. I A) By B) During C) Of D) With E) Since 147. II
A) have achieved B) to achieve C) had achieved D) achieving E) will achieve 148. III
A) cast aside B) account for C) take off D) die out E) divide into 149. IV
A) with B) to C) of D) as E) by 150. V
A) attempt B) reliance C) nutrition D) trial E) fury
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151. According to the passage, theso-called four 'dragons' of East Asia ----.
A) are hoping shortly to outpace Greece and Malta in economic growth
B) have definitely benefited greatly from a free trade policy
C) are presently developing their own free market strategies
D) have experienced a staggering and unprecedented economic growth rate over recent decades
E) have finally managed to throw off bureaucratic obstacles and disprove the theories of many economists 152. It is pointed out in the passage that
South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong ----.
A) export more to the US than to any other country in the world
B) have been in fierce competition with each other in the export of
manufactured goods
C) have developed their economies in accordance with the theory of development economics
D) admit openly that they have made use of various distorted trade regimes E) export almost as many manufactured
goods between them, as does the US 153. We learn from the passage that, in
just over two decades, Taiwan ----.
A) became the economic model for the other' dragons' on account of its economic success
B) achieved the fastest rate of economic growth among the four East Asian 'dragons'
C) rose from a low-level per capita income similar to that of Zaire, to a relatively high one
D) attached far more importance to private enterprise than any other Asian country
E) was the only one among the 'dragons' to exploit its resources to the full
154. According to the passage, there is no unanimous agreement among economists as to ----.
A) how far distorted trade regimes
contributed to the economic success of the four 'dragons'
B) why Taiwan and Hong Kong got ahead of Singapore and South Korea in economic efficiency
C) whether the growth rate of the four
C) whether the growth rate of the four