CAPÍTULO III: ANÁLISIS DEL ENTORNO
3.1 AUDITORIA EXTERNA
3.1.5 El Análisis de la estructura competitiva
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FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt reCoMMenDAtionS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, irAQ
“
We Are enTiTled To be inVolVed
in The decisions And PlAns ThAT
AFFecT our FuTure.
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youth PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt, on engAgeMent in PubliC AFFAirS
Welcoming remarks by buthayna Al-Khatib (uniceF) - Post-2015 consultation on reducing child and maternal mortality – Amman, 25 April 2013 (Photo: unrc Jordan)
is a demand for more local autonomy to engage citizens in issues and open up public space for local and regional politics.
geographical disparities are noted in all the consultations, especially in terms
of between rural and urban areas. This is partly attributed to existing patterns of centralization and the way in which it reinforces differences in access and quality of basic and social services.
consulTATions in The ArAB sTATes reGion cAll ATTenTion To inequAliTies And disPAriTies
combating chronic inequalities within and between countries is a consistently emerging concern as a stand-alone issue and interlinked as a persistent barrier in other priorities that have emerged in the consultations.
Again these are associated primarily — but not only — with the prevalent patterns of governance and patterns of economic growth which allow benefits to accrue to a small elite. in the national consultations, persistent inequalities are flagged in terms of wealth, employment, access to assets and land, social services, water, education, gender, social justice and political participation. This particu- larly affects women, persons living with disabilities and vulnerable groups.
gender inequalities are among those felt most keenly. While almost all Arab states have adhered to the global declarations and conventions related to the empowerment of women, these broad commitments are not always
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The Process oF decenTrAliZATion, inTroduced in 1992 To Address regionAl
disPAriTies in The counTry, hAs broughT To lighT seVere cAPAciTy deFiciTs
oF An insTiTuTionAl, huMAn And PhysicAl nATure including WeAK FinAnciAl
AccounTAbiliTy And rePorTing, lAcK oF TrAnsPArency, And ineFFecTiVe MoniToring
oF The uTiliZATion oF budgeTAry AllocATions And reVenue MobiliZATion. The
ProbleM hAs been coMPounded by The coMPlex goVernAnce sTrucTures, WiTh
WeAK inTer-MinisTeriAl And inTer-goVernMenTAl coordinATion.
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nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SuDAn“
eVery ciTy should hAVe iTs oWn cenTrAliZed decision-MAKing PoWer Along WiTh
iTs selF-Funded suPPorT sysTeMs. As long As PoWer is cenTrAliZed in one PoliTicAl
body, The PoliTicAl FAcTions Will KeeP coMPeTing To TAKe A Piece oF The Pie.
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PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, lebAnon“
We need To end cenTrAliZATion And heAd ouTside The cAPiTAl... reAching ouT
To PoVerTy PocKeTs by PArTnering WiTh locAl ciVil socieTy insTiTuTions.
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entrePreneur At the eConoMiC AnD SoCiAl CounCil, rounD tAble on PoVerty reDuCtion AnD eMPloyMent, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn
consultation with representatives of 10 civil society organizations from upper egypt held on 4 March 2013 in Aswan (Photo: Ms. yasmine degheidy)
translated into tangible improvements on the ground. This is because they require multiple efforts on many fronts to tackle the political, economic and social drivers behind entrenched inequalities. Women face challenges in increasing their political engagement, elevating their status within their communities and also in meeting their basic needs. in Sudan, women suffer the highest incidence of hiV/Aids in the country. in lebanon, Morocco and yemen, participants note that women cannot participate sufficiently in political decision-making. in egypt, participants comment that violence against women and girls is on the rise and is especially apparent on the streets and in the public sphere. in Algeria, women in rural areas point to various barriers and increased vulnerability in their ability to access affordable housing, especially social housing. in Jordan, persisting stereotypes and cultural barriers still prevent women from enjoying full participation in the labour market and in the political arena. PeoPle Are AsKinG For inclusiVe GroWTh And eMPloYMenT GenerATion overall, Arab countries have continued to achieve respectable gdP growth rates, but, due to structural imbalances and lack of supportive policies, these have not been accompanied by equivalent rises in employment and wages. The popula- tion of around 320 million people in the region has been growing quickly, placing a considerable strain on the labour market. land and water resources, as well as infrastructure are under stress, which affects employment and income genera- tion opportunities. demographic changes over the next decade are expected to increase, and the region is projected to have one of the highest percentages of youth in the world. by 2015, the number of people aged 15–24 is expected to reach 73 million. youth unemploy- ment is of particular concern, as are the low participation rates of women (for example, in djibouti and Jordan the rate of female participation in the workforce is among the lowest in the world). With
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There is deVeloPMenT ineQuiTy AMong
goVernorATes And beTWeen genders As Well
As beTWeen rurAl And urbAn AreAs.
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nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, irAQ“
susTAinAble deVeloPMenT is Possible only
When PeoPle hAVe The MeAns To becoMe AgenTs
oF chAnge, leAding To A heAlThier socieTy
Which is ProducTiVe And sTronger.
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PerSon with DiSAbilitieS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, AlgeriA“
There Are no diFFerences beTWeen The role
oF WoMen And role oF Men — WhAT WoMen
Will do is The sAMe Thing ThAT Men Will do.
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CiVil SoCiety rePreSentAtiVe, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, yeMen“
The MosT iMPorTAnT PosiTions in The
goVernMenT Are All held by Men. Those
WoMen Who MAKe iT FAr in The sysTeM usuAlly
end uP holding A More syMbolic PosiTion,
in so-cAlled ‘soFT’ MinisTries WiThouT being
suPPorTed by budgeTs To FulFil Their duTies.
This needs To chAnge.
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FeMAle youth PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, yeMen
consultation with women and civil society activists held on 20 February 2013 in cairo and hosted by un Women through its civil society Platform (Photo: Ms. Fatma yassin, communications Associate, un Women)
approximately 60 percent of the popula- tion under the age of 25, more than 50 million jobs will need to be created in the coming decade to accommodate this youth bulge.8
stakeholders in the region associate gaps in achievement of the Mdgs with the lack of employment opportunities and non-inclusive patterns of growth. economies lack diversification, with some resource-rich economies relying on resource exports, others on a limited number of sectors such as tourism,
and the poorest relying on foreign aid. economic revitalization with job creation is seen clearly as critical not only for poverty reduction but also for social cohesion and stability.
The link between improving employ- ment opportunities and the manage- ment of natural resources is articulated quite clearly in several consultations. The physical landscape is being eroded by rapid urbanization and threatened by desertification, climate change and rising sea levels, which impact the limited arable
land in the region. Population pressures and poor management of limited water resources, compounded by dropping water tables and groundwater pollution, are posing threats to future access to water, food security, health and agricul- tural livelihoods.
Arab economies which depend on exports of natural resources remain very vulnerable to world energy prices and demand fluctuations. Many rely on food imports and are vulnerable to volatilities and spikes in food prices. The consultations call for sustainable devel- opment programmes that can target diversification of economies to foster job creation, improve social cohesion and guarantee environmental sustainability. discussants want a shift from export-led growth towards the creation of sustain- able productive sectors which can create added value and jobs in agriculture, services, tourism and manufacturing.
representatives from the private sector are also voicing the need to shift from a system that is largely dependent on state-controlled resources and contracts to one that harnesses inde- pendent capital and entrepreneurial initiatives. in short, they wish for a clearer separation and definition of the role of the state and private sector in economic
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in yeMen, uneMPloyMenT is reFerred To As The ‘MosT iMPorTAnT chAllenge
FAcing The deVeloPMenT Process’. recenT esTiMATes PlAces uneMPloyMenT rATes
AT 54.4 PercenT in 2011, coMPAred To 42 PercenT in 2009.
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nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, yeMen“
uneMPloyMenT hAs reAched AlArMing ProPorTions And AFFecTs neArly 50%
oF The AcTiVe PoPulATion And AbouT 60% oF young PeoPle. giVen The diFFiculT
econoMic siTuATion And PersisTenT uneMPloyMenT, The younger generATions
do noT hAVe benchMArKs, They hAVe losT conFidence in TheMselVes And in The
FuTure oF The nATion. MosT young PeoPle hAVe groWn FATAlisTic And consider
ThAT The soluTion is To go AbroAd.
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nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, DJiboutigroup discussion at the national Forum of civil society organizations – Amman, 2 March 2013 (Photo: unrc Jordan)
development, for level playing fields and — again — transparent account- ability mechanisms for both state and private sectors. The government is perceived as not doing enough to combat corruption, rendering the cost of doing business prohibitive.
in educATion And heAlTh, The deMAnd is For BeTTer Access And quAliTY
While most countries in the Arab region have achieved, or are about to achieve, universal primary education, there is a distinct perception of a deficit in the quality of education. This is due to multiple factors, including a lack of
qualified teachers, geographical dispari- ties in educational resources, inequalities in access due to legal or social status and gender, and the mismatch between skills acquired through educational courses and the demands of the job market. overall, the call for addressing the quality as well as the content of education is coming across loud and clear.
The consultations are revealing demands for a more coordinated approach between the private sector, educational institutions and the govern- ment for a better integration of the region’s education and vocational training
systems with the needs of employers. given the high rates of illiteracy in some parts of the region, there is also a clear need to provide opportunities for those who have dropped out to return to the system.
Key shortcomings in health systems within the region are perceived to be due to the governance issues discussed above: bureaucratic inefficiencies, limited technical and data capacities and in-adequate funding. health services operating against the backdrop of conflict are placed under particular strain.
contributors feel that any approach
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The sudAnese econoMy is highly VulnerAble To exTernAl shocKs due To
heAVy dePendence on oil And neglecT oF groWTh in oTher ProducTiVe secTors
nAMely AgriculTure And indusTry.
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nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SuDAn“
noT only Would The green econoMy be An iMPorTAnT Tool To ProTecT The
enVironMenT, buT iT cAn Also leAd To The creATion oF MAny green Jobs.
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PArtiCiPAnt, inCePtion Meeting with goVernMent, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn“
The PriVATe secTor is one oF MAny PlAyers, buT The goVernMenT is
The iniTiATor.
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PriVAte-SeCtor PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt
“
lAcK oF Job oPPorTuniTies MAKes Me PosTPone My grAduATion
FroM uniVersiTy. Why AM i in A hurry To siT idle AT hoMe?
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youth PArtiCiPAnt, youth AnD eMPloyMent worKShoP, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn“
i Wish i could go bAcK To liVing WiTh My PArenTs, geT An educATion
And becoMe A cAr engineer.
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Street ChilD, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt“
There is no generAl sTAndArd oF cAre; loW-QuAliTy MedicATion
is dAngerous And liFe-ThreATening.
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nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, irAQ“
WheneVer i hAVe A MedicAl consulTATion serVice, For My son
And For MyselF, i Feel eMbArrAssed by The looKs oF The sTAFF.
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to addressing health issues must consider health as a fundamental human right founded on core principles of equity and accountability. however, this right is by no means assured for all citizens in Arab countries. disparities in access are evident, for example, between rural and urban areas. in addition, women suffer from neglect and gender-biased tradi- tions and harmful practices.
disparities in access to and quality of health services affect other vulner- able groups, including poor people, elderly people, youth, migrants, internally displaced persons and refugees. even when they do have access, many people — particularly those living with hiV and people with disabilities — suffer from stigma and discrimination.
Participants in some consultations call for countries to establish minimum social protection floors to guarantee access to essential social services and transfers and to address the stark disparities in health access and outcomes across the region and within individual countries.
People consulted feel that health
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A uniVersAl heAlTh coVerAge sysTeM should
be elAborATed, To reAch All The ciTiZens And
inhAbiTAnTs oF The counTry, regArdless oF Their
currenT sociAl securiTy sTATus. The uniVersAl
heAlTh coVerAge Would include Access To
hosPiTAls And cAre sTrucTures in reMoTe AreAs,
As Well As AWAreness on heAlTh issues AMong
VulnerAble grouPs, And AFFirMATiVe MeAsures For
PreVenTiVe heAlTh cAre. in This APProAch, There
Would be rooM For A QuAliTATiVe MeAsureMenT oF
heAlTh serVices.
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nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, lebAnon“
shorTAge oF inFrAsTrucTure serVices
rePresenTs A reAl deVeloPMenT bArrier As iT
cAuses isolATion ThAT creATes And susTAins
underdeVeloPMenT. ThereFore, Addressing rurAl
isolATion by iMProVing Access is exPecTed To be A
Key eleMenT in Any deVeloPMenT sTrATegy.
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nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SuDAn“
We urgenTly need To AcTiVATe The lAW on
reneWAble energy on one hAnd, And grAnT
FAciliTies To The PriVATe secTor To inVesT on
The oTher.
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young FeMAle PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn
systems should also be strengthened to be more capable of tackling emerging trends and threats. These include the increased prevalence of ncds, hiV, dis- abilities, obesity and road traffic accidents. Again, accountability mechanisms are considered key if improvements in access to and quality of care are to be achieved. Food securiTY, enerGY And WATer The consultations underscore the urgency of food, energy and water insecurity and demonstrate an awareness of their links to issues such as poverty, education, health and gender. Water resources are consid- ered a dominant vulnerability in the Arab region, where per capita water availability is predicted to fall by half by 2050.
governance issues and inequalities once again underpin these discussions, as several of the consultation reports claim that public services in these spheres are fragmented, with poor distribution and reliability and weak institutional frame- works linking providers to beneficiaries. The key messages are that the sustain- ability of food, energy, water and, in general, the sustainable management of natural resources are core to social justice in the region. improved availability and more equitable access to these resources will only be possible by integrating them with rights-based governance reforms.
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iT is TiMe ThAT The issue oF PoPulATion dynAMics is giVen due ATTenTion. Will
egyPT be Able To AccoMModATe And ProVide For The exPecTed increAse?
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FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt“
reseArch could ProVe To be one oF The counTry’s MosT VAluAble AsseTs becAuse
iT MighT shed lighT on AreAs oF scArciTy And ProVide AlTernATiVes.
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enVironMentAl exPert, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt, on the neeD For More enVironMentAl iMPACt ASSeSSMentS AnD AuDitS, AS well AS geogrAPhiC inForMAtion SySteMS to FeeD into DeCiSion-MAKing