EL CONTEXTO SOCIAL DE LOS ESTUDIOS DE EDUCACIÓN

Athough omal coou vsio is ot ecessarily essetia o a pilot the abty to distguish betwee ed whte ad gee is especiay i espect o compiace wth ght lyig egulatios

Total coour bidess is ute rae curret estimates have t occurig  less tha 1 % o the populatio but betwee 5% ad 1% o males have dcuty  dstguishg betwee ed gee

ad whte whlst up to % may have a degree o coou dececy Iceasig age may cause yeowg o the corea ad es ad may decease the itesty o bue lght. t is ow that smoig ad acoho also have a advese eect o colour viso. There s o cure o this deicecy.

. NIGHT VSION

Physiologicaly ght vso s achieved through the rods because o their geater sestivty

Geatest ght visua acuity s achieved by oog sightly o-cetre at a object due to the act that rods ae cocetated away rom the cete o the reta. Maximum ght eiciecy o the ods

may tae as much as 3 miutes to acheve ad thereore a peod o dar adaptatio may be

ecessay to acquire good ight vsio A vey bie exposure to bright lght eques a urhe period o adaptato ad a good poicy o plots s to cose oe eye beore exposue to brght lght 

order to retai good ght visio i that eye Factors whch ca adversey aect ight visio cude mid hypoxa smoig acohol stimuats mor ailmets ad iceasig age

3 GARE

Gae ca be caused by high atitude ight lyig just above a aye o cloud o diecty to a ow su The cotrast  the evels o brightess outsde ad isde the cocpit may mae t dicult o

the pot to ead the istrumets or dspays ad esut  hm yg bid without realsg t. Good quality sugasses ae a ecessa equiremet  ths id o evromet.

 DEPTH PEREPTON

Depth peceptio o the abity to judge dstace eures may cues The textue o a object becomes moe obvous as t comes coser whch asssts  judgg height; the caty o a object provdes cues as to its dstace -  hazy or misty codtos a object becomes bured mag t more dicult to judge ts dstace ad the relative movemet o a object which appears to move

aster the cose it becomes aso plays a pat So too does biocula viso with athough beeca

is ot ecessarly esseta sice a perso with oe eye ca also use the cues metioed to assst i detemg distace.

5 EMPY FIELD MYOPIA

Myopia meas shorsghtedess ad ths case is caused by ight at high atitude o at ight whe

thee s othig to loo at The eyes ted to adopt a restg ocus at a pot approximately two metes away wth the esut that a dstat object has to be ary large i ode to be see a

obvousy dagerous stuato Ths ca be overcome by actively reocusg the eyes o dstat objects such as the goud couds o stas.

6 ONTAT LENSES

These are oe used  peerece to taditioal spectacles ad have cetai advatages  that they provide beter periphera vso ad are ot subject to mistg Howeve or the pilot there are ceai associated poblems o sigiicace The corea ot havg its ow blood supply obtais Private Pilot Licece

Revisio 2/200

©Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

H YS

Page 5

oxygen o the aent a. Contat lenses an edue ths and ause ild hypoxia and oneal daage as a esut Dehydation in the eye an aso ou as a esut o ow hudty in the

okpit uthe daagng the onea. Can deopesson an also ause a le etween the

ontat lens and the onea.

7 RADIAL KERATOTOMY

This s a ino sugia poedue on the eye y whih ean eative eos, paulay yopa

an e oeted y aking shalow nsions nto the onea. It does esult in a sustantal weakenng o the eyeall stutue and ay aso gve ise to unstale eaton. It s theeoe, not aeptae n ane tanspot plots and ay esult in the goundng o even a pvate plot o

seveal yeas.

G I N FETIONS AND DISEASE

Gven the potane o vson o the pot a knowedge o and teatent o, netions and dsease o the eyes s useu. Soe o the oe ovous nude:

CONJUNCTIVITIS

The onjuntva s the ining o the inne suae o the eyelds and the exposed suae o the eye

an eoe itated and inlaed y exposue to ateal o va inetons and tants suh as soke and dust The syptos ae a painu uning o stnging sensation and oodshot eyes, whh an e exaeated in the dy ai o an aa okpit. Eyesght an e aeted and the eyes eoe oe senstve to light Ths inetve o o this dsease (ateial o via s vey

ontagous and pilots shoud eain o lyng whist sueng o t Teatent is usualy y antiots and the poe shoud lea withn a ew days.

CATARACTS

A ataat s the slow and paness loudng o the ea lens o the eye. As suh t wl aet vision

eause t pevents lght o eahing the etna Moe oen t s a podut o te ageing poess and an suessuly e teated y sugey oowing whh speial glasses will hae to e won.

STY

Ths is a aily oon pole espeally n hiden. t s aused y an neton ong a yst n the tea duts o ha olles whh an ause a swelng and eddening o the entie eyeld 

neessay t an e sugialy eoved

GLAUCOMA

This aly oon dsode s a esut o ineased pessue wthin the eyeal due to the inadequate dainage o exess aqueous luid, whh  unteated an daage the opt neve and lead to a paa o oplete oss o vson. It tends to ou oe oen n edey people and an

e heedtay. Teatent s usually n the o o eyedops athough sugey ay e neessay n soe ases. Syptos nlude eye pan headahe and ued vson.

H OPTIAL ILLUSIONS

A piot opeatng in an envonent whih povdes iited visal ues ie ul o patal IMC o at nght, and at the sae te s sueted to stess, owng pehaps to atigue o the natue o the ondtons he enountes wil e apt to peeive what he wishes to peeive even to the exet o suppyng an

lusoy peepton. Ths ondtion anests tse in a nue o ways

(a FALSE HORZON

Coon duing light n paal IMC the pilot oseves sopng oud oations, an osued hozon o at night, a oination o stas and gound ghts, and geoeti gond ght patens

al o whih pesent an lusion to a dsoentated pot o not eng oety agned wth the tue hoion. As a esult the piot ay plae the aa in an noet, and thus potentally dangeous, atitude.

( GROUND LIGHTING

Many plots, espeay n unalia aeas have staken ights along a staight oad o on a

ovng tain, as appoah o unway ghts. The judgeent o dstane ay also e aeted y

ght unway and appoah ight systes. The uson s that o ess dstane t the unway and the natua esult s a hgh appoah. Silay, when ying ove a elatively unt aea, the ak o

ights edues height ues and the piot ay ly a ow appoah

Private Piot Licece Revisio 2/200

© Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

() AUTOINESIS

THE EYES

Page 55

Ts s a lus peme tat maes a statc lgt appea t mve we staed at f a perd f 8 t 1 0 secds  a da evrmet Te cause  ts peme s as yet, t

w

(d) LANING ILLUSIONS

Mst plts ave at sme tme r ter bee expsed t tese uss, w a be dvded t

tree areas f ccer

1  Te tal judgemet  te apprac slpe

 Mateace f te appa spe

3. udgemet f grud pxmty pr t tucdw

Setg up te tal appa spe a be geatly asssted by te use f ads suc as PAP ad VASIS gtg systems Hwever, tere wl be may ccass we te ads are t avalabe ad te pt must rely  s w udgemet Ts bvusly mpves wt experee, altug

expereed plts may st be caugt ut Te fllwg cmm luss are desrbed

() RUNWAY WITH

A vey aw uway may create te lus tat te arcraf s  act ger ta t s Ts

a resut  te ususpetg plt lyg a lwer appa wt te pssbty f tg

bstales  te appac pat, r eve adg st Te ppste a u wt a vey wde

uway, wt te esult tat te plt may flare t s ad ad ard,  vest mpletey

Bt stuats are exacebated at gt

() RUNWAY OR TERRAIN SLOPE

A uway,  tera, tat spes up may eate te lus tat te arraf s ge ta t s

Ts ca esut  te pt aga fyg a we appa wt ts eret rss A dw slpg ruway, r tera, wl eate te ppste efect resultg  a g apprac

() FEATURELESS TERRAIN

Te absece  gud featues, su as da areas water et a create te lus f beg

ger ta te aa atualy s esutg  a w apprac

(v) ATMOSPHRIC

Ra  te arafs wdscee dsts te plts vs, creatg te lus f beg ge

Hae may esult  te plt tg e s fute away ta e actualy s Bt f tese

uss may esut  flyg a wer appa Flyg tug fg eates a lus 

ptcg up ad  ts ges uecgsed te pt may steepe te appa qute dramatcaly wt pssble dsastrus csequeces

Private Pilot Licece Revisio 2/200

© Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

QUESTIONS

(ANWER ON PAGE 

  he bes nih vision is achieved by

THE EYES - QUESTOS

· Pae -

(a lookin diecy a an obec o ensue maximum exosue o he objec o he cones, which ae moe eicien o nih vision,

(b ookin sihly o cene a an obec, which will alow he ods eae exosue due o hei

concenaion away om he cene o he eina (ovea, (c eula, bie exosue o lih

(d ookin diecly a an objec o ensue maximum exosue o he objec o he ods, which ae moe eicien o nih vision.

 In ode o alow moe ih o ene he eye

(a he iis conacs, which inceases he size o he uil, (b he iis exands, which inceases he size o he uil

(c he ciiay muscles conac, which imoves accommodaion

(d he ciiay musces exand which inceases he sie o he ui.

3 Lon sihedness o hyemeoia

(a can be coeced only by suey,

(b can be coeced by weain convex lenses

(c can be coeced by weain concave enses,

(d can be comensaed o by he iis which conacs alowin moe lih o ene he eye

. Rods in he human eye ae

(a unable o uncion in dim lih

(b used o cena vision,

(c used o he eceion o colou, (d used in eihea vision.

5 Good nih vision is deendan uon

(a cones which ae eecive in oo ih, (b ods which ae abe o uncion in dim ih,

(c accommodaion, which inceases he size o he uil, (d he iis which exands o incease he size o he ui

6 aial disoienaion, a condiion in which he subjec is unable o eceive his osiion, aiude and moion eaive o he eah:

(a is mos commony caused by on em exosue o a hazadous noise envionmen, (b can be immediaey evesed by eein o he aica ih insumens,

(c is caused by middle ea inecions invovin he cochea,

(d is easily cued by cosin he eyes and alowin he vesibua sysem o coec ise

7 A educion in h suy o bood o he eina may eul in

(a hyemeoia

(b myoia,

(c emy ield myoia

(d unne vision.

8 Emy ied myoia ees o

(a a condiion whee he eyes ado a esin ocus a a oin aoximaey  mees away, (b a condiion caused by a educion in he suly o bood o he eina,

(c on sihedness,

(d a condiion in which he subec is unabe o eceive his osiion, aiude and moion eaive o

he eah Privae Pilo Licece Revisio 2/200

© Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

. A concave ens is se to

a) correc or long sigteness,

b) compensae or nnel vision,

c) correc or sor sigteness

) correc or empty ie myopia.

. A convex ens is se to

a) correc or long sigteness,

b) compensae or nnel vision,

c) correct or sort sigteness,

) correc or empy iel myopia.

  . e term accommoation" is se o escribe

THE EYES  _QUESTIOS Page 5-

a) te contraction or expansion o e iris in controling te amont o lig enerig te eye

b) te conracion or expansion o te ciiary mscles wic canges te sape  te lens

c) a coniion were te eyes aopt a resing ocs a a point approximately  meres away,

) a conition case by a recion in te spply o boo o te reina

. en ying an approac to an namiiar rnway a piot may ninenionay:

a) ly a low approac on a ownwar soping rnway

b) y a ig approac on an pwar sloping rnway

c) y a ig approac on a narrow rnway,

) y a ig approac on a ownwar soping rnway

13 en lying an approac o an namiliar rnway a pilot may nintentionally

a) ly a low approac on a ownwar sloping rnway,

b) ly a ig approac on an pwar soping rnway,

c) y a low approac on a narrow rnway

) ly a ig approac on a narrow rnway.

1 . en lying an approac o an namiiar rnway were tere is an absence o gon eares a pilot may nintenionaly:

a) y a low approac,

b) ly a ig approac on an pwar sloping rnway,

c) y a ig approac,

) ly a ig approac on a narrow rnway

1 5. A nigt wen a stationary ig appears o move i i is stare a i is known as

a) an inversion ision,

b) aoinesis,

c) e oclogravic illsion,

) ypermeropia

Privae Pilot Licece Revisio 2/200

© Avex Air Traiig 0/2004

HAPTER 6

A. INTRODUTION

PRESSURE 

PRESSURE

Page 61

he redcio of pressre wih alide ad is effecs o respiraio have bee discssed here are, howeve, oher efecs ha he decrease o icrease for ha maer have o he hma body ad i a professio ha eqies cosa chages i alide ad heefore presse, i is impora ha he pi

o be famiia wih hem

. THE GAS LAWS

he gas aws wih which we are cocered are he followig

1  BYLE'S AW

A a cosa emperare, he vome of a give mass of gas is iversey ropoioa o he pessre o which i is sbjeced I ohe words as the pressre redces the gas expads

 DALN'S AW

he pressre exeed by a mixre of gases is eqal o he sm of he presses which each wold sepaaely exer if i aoe occpied he space filed by he mixre

P aoher way presse is exered by a he gases i a mixe Partia pressre is he erm

sed o describe he pessre exered by ay oe of he gases i he mixre r cocer is wih he paia pressre of oxyge P), as i afecs oxyge pake by he body e e

3.

 EFFETS OF PR ESSURE HAN GE

Esseialy, here ae hee efecs o he body brogh abo by pressre chage wih alide hese are Hypoxia Barorama ad Decompessio Sickess Hypoxia has bee coveed i e 3

1  BARRAUMA

he body coais a mbe of gas filed caviies ha ca be described as eier closed ie o commicaio wih he oside eviome sch as he gasroiesia rac, or semi-cosed, ie commicaig direcly o idirecy wih he oside evirome, eg lgs, eas ad paraasa

sises

EFFECS F CHANGING PRESSURE N CLSED CAVIIES

a) HE ALIMENARY CANAL

I ormal, healhy idividas, he somach ad iesies coai bewee  ad  m of gas his is mosly deived from swalowed air, from he acio of baceria wihi he bowe

ad from exchage wih he gases i he isses ad he blood Drig asce, he gas coaied wihi he somach expads ad saly escapes pwards ad o of he moh

Gas bbbles wihi he large bowel say combie o form arge bbbes which are veed

hrogh he as Some discomfo ad eve severe pai may be experieced Usay i

oy becomes a probem a ove 5  f ad o damage de o expaso has ever bee

ecorded Passegers who have had rece bowel srgery shold o fy il a eas e

days afer he opeaio

b) HE EEH

iy pockes of air behid filligs especialy i lied filligs, may expad drig asce

leadig o severe pai kow as aeo/baodoalgia

EFFECS F CHANGING PRESSURE N SEM-CLSED CAVIIES

Accodig o Boyes Law as he pessre o a gas decreases, so he volme icreases Drig asce i a aircraf, he pressre o he hma body decreases d he gas rapped i he varios caviies wi expad Whee hee is resiced commicaio bewee a gas filled caviy ad he oside amosphere gas expasio wil occr wiho dificly or discomfor ie wid is passed ears pop ec If however he gas emais rapped i a caviy he expasio

ca case cosideable discomfor ad pai which may case damage o isses or orgas Private Piot icece

Revisio 2/200

© Avex Air raiig 0/2004

PREURE

Page 6-

and even incapacitate te individua. One f te st cn exapes is tat f te iddle ear.

a) MIDDE EAR

Te idde ear cavity cunicates wit te utside atspere trug te Estachia

tbe t te trat. As altitude is gained te expanding air in te idde ear escapes trug te Eustacian tue tus equaising te pressure n eiter side f te ear dru. On descent te prcess is reversed ut it is ere tat pres fen ccur. Te wer r inner tw tirds f te Eustacian tue is sf waed and tis akes it act ike a ne way valve. If air is prevented fr entering te idde ear te unequal pressure can cause a distin f te ear dru leading t pain and pssie injury Tis is knwn as otic barotrama An active pening f te tue is terefre required t alw air t flw int te

iddle ear and tis can e acieved y swawing and aw veents Te prle is exacerated y an upper respiratry tract wic ay cause te luen

f te tue t narrw. Assistance in pening te tue ay e accpised y a Vasava

r equalising aneuvre ie lwing air ut wit te ut csed and nse pinced

wever in se cases even tis fais t equalise pressure and artraua resuts wit

wat can ny e descried as excruciating pain wic can result in daage t te ear dru. It is interesting t nte tat st prles in tis case ccur as te 9 f ark is passed.

PREVENTION

Tis can e est e acieved y nt flying wen te pit as a ead cd r at east

aving a dctr ceck tat te Eustacian tue is functinal Te side efects f decngestants and antiistaines ake tese unsuitae fr use y active pits

) TE PARANASA SINUSES

Tese are cavities in te nes tat fr te upper par f te face.

During ascent and descent te expanding and cntracting gas witin te sinuses is free t

cunicate wit te gas in te nasa cavity If wever te ucus erane ining te cnnecting passages eces infaed and swlen as a result f ilness r infectin te nra ventilatin f te sinus ay e prevented especially during descet causing severe pain wic is fen accpanied y watering f te eyes. Tis is caled sinus artraua

cunicate wit te gas in te nasa cavity If wever te ucus erane ining te cnnecting passages eces infaed and swlen as a result f ilness r infectin te nra ventilatin f te sinus ay e prevented especially during descet causing severe pain wic is fen accpanied y watering f te eyes. Tis is caled sinus artraua

In document LIBRO BLANCO TÍTULO DE GRADO EN PEDAGOGÍA Y EDUCACIÓN SOCIAL Volumen 1 (página 115-128)