El desajuste entre la arquitectura de protección

Frank Udo Höggel, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Switzerland, [email protected]

Pius Lazaro Mwambene, Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI), Mbeya, Tanzania. [email protected]

Key words: pastoralist eviction, pastoralist-farmer conflict, changing livestock system, organic livestock production

Extended Abstract Introduction

A large number of pastoral livestock herds were forcibly moved into the study area following a Government eviction order to leave traditional grazing grounds in central Tanzania. The study aimed at understanding the dynamics of forced livestock movements, pastoral livelihoods and resulting potential development options for the livestock sector in the country.

Material and methods

Data were collected through structured interviews from 60 pastoralist families, from native farmers and from Government offices in southern Tanzania and analysed using descriptive statistics.

The interviews focussed on (1) the challenges to livestock management after the eviction, (2) the marketing opportunities for livestock products in the new settlement areas and (3) the requirement for a new direction for pastoral livestock production.

Role of Livestock in Sustainable Agriculture IAHA Pre-Conference on Organic Animal Husbandry November 7-8, 2017 linked to the 19th Organic World Congress, New Delhi, India, November 9-11, 2017 Organized by IAHA, FiBL, OFAI, NCOF, ICAR-IVRI , ANTHRA, IFOAM

The summarised major interview questions were:

1. What challenges and what opportunities exist for livestock production in the new area?

2. What kind of assistance is required from the State to establish livestock production in the new area?

3. What marketing opportunities for the livestock sector can be tapped in the new area? 4. Which support and infrastructure is required to tap potential marketing opportunities? 5. Will your production system face similar situations of resource competition (land related

conflicts) as compared to the areas you resided in prior to the eviction? 6. In case it will, which are future options for pastoral livestock production? Results

The study showed that the pastoral system is hardly able to adapt to the new environment, which is not adequately equipped to support a livestock economy.

However, prior to the arrival of pastoral herds local communities had been prepared. The

communities had started formulating land use plans but the quality of those plans and the support to the planning processes was insufficient. The resulting conflicts about grazing grounds, herding routes and water access between crop farmers and livestock herders could not be prevented. Yet, pastoral livestock herders were actively searching for innovation through, for example,

reduction of herd size while simultaneously intensifying production from selected animals. Further on herders tried, sometimes successfully, tapping new meat and milk markets, also using the argument that their products are organic, meaning not contaminated in their understanding. Discussion and conclusion

The large-scale eviction of pastoral herds is synonymous with the crisis of the pastoral system in the country. The Government aim is for modern livestock production. Modernity in this case means systems based on fossil fuel, external protein inputs, increasing pesticide use for fodder production and increasing use of veterinary drugs.

Pastoral livestock systems in Tanzania and elsewhere are very energy efficient and their environmental services are increasingly recognised.

Such a situation is a challenge for the livelihoods which depend on the current pastoral livestock production pattern, but can also be an opportunity for re-defining livestock production in a more holistic and possibly organic manner. The current low external input system that characterises mobile pastoral livestock production in the country is a favourable basis for a change towards organic livestock production.

The Government of Tanzania is familiar with certified organic production in coffee for which a demand outside the country exists. This is not yet the case for livestock products. However, concerted promotion activities could help to establish a niche market for organic livestock products in the country.

The marketing potential in external markets is not clear. However, a demand for organic livestock products does exist in developed countries and this could be an opportunity for Tanzanian exporters.

Combining and propagating these two significant advantages into a market vision and argument for organic livestock production could offer development chances to the livelihoods of

pastoralists, to the meat export plans of the country and to the landscapes which are challenged by environmental degradation.

References and further reading

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Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate some of the sustainability parameters on organic dairy cow farms in Turkey. A questionnaire was prepared, and farmers were interviewed face-to-face. A total of eleven farmers from four different cities in Turkey (3 farms from Gümüşhane Kelkit, 1 farm from Çanakkale, 6 farms from Erzurum and 1 farm from Manisa) were chosen to do the survey. These areas have a high potential for organic dairy production in Turkey. There were 5 main themes in the questionnaire. A: Information on survey participant, B: Information about the farm (the size of the farm, the use of land, grazing practices, the quality of land, nutrient flows inside the farm),

C: Production on the farm, D: External nutrient inputs and E: Number of animals. After completing the questionnaire, the farms were divided into three groups according how much fodder was sourced on the farm: (GROUP I, own fodder less than 50 %, GROUP II, own fodder 50 % - 75 % and GROUP III, own fodder more than 75 %. The results suggest that in GROUP I there are many more nutrients in inputs (purchased fodder) than in outputs (sold products); GROUP II has a

slightly positive nutrient balance and GROUP III is close to balance or even in negative balance. Our preliminary findings, critical from sustainability point of view, are (1) Animals are not grazed at all in GROUP 1 (2) Maize is grown most in GROUP I, indicating heavy fertilization (3) crop rotation is less diverse in GROUP I than in other groups (4) Positive nutrient balance indicates poor nutrient recycling and high loss potential in GROUP I.