El districto de Hackney: diversidad, regeneración y gentrificación

Information on the 3-D geometry of point bar deposits contained in 3-D GPR data can be used for 3-D reservoir characterization of reservoir analogs. The 3-D kriging method is used to regrid the accretion surfaces for shale distribution study.

GPR and well data were integrated to characterize the shale distribution. GPR information is incorporated after a step of statistical calibration, which prevents constraining the simulation to noise or information inconsistent with the shale occurrence. Discriminant analysis is used to calibrate GPR amplitude with gamma ray data. A significant correlation between relative instantaneous amplitude and shale index is found, and a statistic linear model is built.

Shale distributions within the point-bar deposits at Corbula Gulch are described via variograms. The analysis uses GPR data and core data. A slight anisotropy is observed in all shale statistics, but this anisotropy was not proved to be statistically significant. Sequential Gaussian Simulation is an effective geostatistical technique to characterize the reservoirs while incorporating variograms information. It reproduces the spatial correlation of shale on the accretion surfaces. Shales are placed on the accretion surfaces that are interpreted from the ground penetrating radar surveys. This approach is different from most previous shale models, in which shales are placed either horizontally or with constant dip.

Stochastic flow models based on ground-penetration radar surveys data demonstrate that for the sand-rich rocks at Corbula Gulch the effects of thin shale on flow behavior are statistically significant. Vertical flow is the most affected, with shales decreasing breakthrough time (approximately 4 percent), sweep efficiency (approximately 2 percent), and vertical permeability (approximately 29.59 percent). Shale distributions have little effect

on breakthrough time and sweep efficiency but have significant effects on vertical permeability. However, the details of the shale distribution are relatively unimportant: only the shale fraction (F) is practically significant in terms of the magnitude of the effect.

Although this study is based on near-surface sandstone, the results and methods are useful for reservoirs in marine-influenced distributaries. The variograms we calculated can be used in the analogous reservoirs that do not have such fine-scale data. The correlation of reflector amplitude to flow barrier may be useful in other contexts, for example using seismic data to study flow barriers. The variogram-based cornerpoint grid might be used for construction of complex models for reservoirs, just as it was used for this reservoir analog.

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VITA

Hongmei Li was born in Zaoyang, Hubei Province, China, on October 28th, 1972. She entered the Jianghan Petroleum College in September 1990 where she obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science in Exploration Geology in July 1994. After graduation, she continued her study in the Department of Geosciences of University of Petroleum (Beijing). She got the degree of Master of Science in July 1997. Then she worked as a geologist in the Exploration and Production Research Institute of China Petrochemical Company. In August 2000, she was admitted to the Graduate School of Louisiana State University for the master’s program in the Craft & Hawkins Department of Petroleum Engineering. She will receive the degree of Master of Science in Petroleum Engineering in August 2002.