Organización, maniobras y batallas en la campaña de Aníbal

Ad Hoe Committee : is a committee constituted for a special purpose.

Adult Franchise : The right of voting in election granted to every adult male or female having completed 18 years, without distinctin of caste, creed or colour.

Also called Adult Suffrage.

Aggression : The act of attacking. It occurs when forces of one country enter the territory of another country. This can happen after declaration of war by or both or them, or even without any such decalration.

Agricultural Revolution : The transition from feudal to modern farming practices is referred to as agricultural revolution. It does not mean some suden or rapid changes. It may be revolutionary in character. Like the well-known industrial revolution, some countries have experienced “agricultural revolution”. Recently, the

“Green Revolution” witnessed in India.

Air Pollution : means fouling up of the atmosphere as a result of discharge into it of noxious and even poisonous fumes, produced by automotive

transportation, industries, nuclear explosions, etc. The problem has recently assumed alarming proportions and nuclear explosions, etc., The problem has recently assumed alarming proportions and is presently engaging the attention of scientists all over the world.

Ambassador : a diplomatic envoy of the highest order sent by one State to another.

High Commissioner : is the designation given to the highest diplomatic representative of one Commonwealth country to another.

Apartheid : The language is spoken in South Africa.

Its literal meaning is “apart-hood”. The word is used to describe the policy of keeping the white and the black people separate from each other. It also means favouring one race at the cost of another. South Africa and Rhodesia follow this policy.

Asylum : means a place of refuge or protection.

Automation : Automation means use of such machines in industry as can run automatically, replacing the work

to control other machines and the process is virtually endless.

Autonomy : power or right of self-governing.

Balance of Power : Some believe that rival States should build up equal military strength. According to them, it is necessary for keeping the peace. It is called the theory of “balance of power”.

Balance of Trade : The difference between the visible exports and visible imports of two countries in trade with each other is called balance of trade. If the difference is positive, the balance of trade (or of payment) is called favourable balance of trade and if negative, it is called unfavourable balance of trade (or payment).

Bank Nationalisation : Some major Indian Banks have been nationalised with the object (i) to remove control by the few over the commanding heights of economy, (ii) to provide for adequate credit for agriculture and small industry, (iii) to widen ownership base in order to end concentration of economic and industrial power in selected few hands.

Bank Rate : It is the rate of interest charged by the Reserve Bank of India for lending money to commercial banks.

Black Market : Selling goods at a higher price with a profiteering motive by creating artificial scarcity by means of hoarding, etc.

Black Money : means unaccounted money, concealed income and undisclosed wealth. In order to evade taxes, some people falsify their accounts and do not record all transactions in their account books.

Blood Bank : It is a storing place of reserve blood kept for emergency transfusion. Persons donating blood are generally between 21 and 50 years of age, with negative history of syphilis, chronic alcoholism and recent illness.

Blue Chip : This is the common stock of a large, reputed corporation which has a stable and least risky growth path. The stocks of such a corporation, typical blue-chip, stocks, are high-priced.

Blue revolution : Refers to fish-farming.

Brain Drain : When the best talents of one country are attracted to another because of salary, living and working conditions etc., in the latter are more attractive, and a one way traffic in talent starts, it is called brain drain.

Budget : It is the statement of the receipts and expenditures of a country during a year. It is presented to the Assembly for voting. It is a sort of balance sheet of a country requiring the sanction of the legislature.

Bulls and Bears : are terms used on the Stock Exchange. Bull refers to one who seeks to raise the price of stock and speculate on a rise, whereas Bears

anticipating fall in prices.

Cabinet : a committee of ministers holding the most important portfolios. They are responsible for the legislature and they also work under a system of joint responsibility.

CD-ROM - It is a computer peripheral device that employs compact disk technology to store large amounts of digitized data for later retrieval.

Census : an official enumeration of inhabitants with statistics relating to them. The last census operations in India were held in 1991.

Cellular Phone : This phone allows you to make a telephone while on the move. It can be installed in vehicles or can be carried along.

Coalition : combination of political parties. When a single political party has not won an overall majority of seats in a legislature, two or more political parties combine together form a government. Such a govt. is called a coalition government.

Communism : is a political system. It believes in a classless society in which there will be no private property. Pure communism has not been achieved anywhere in the world so far.

Computer : (1) An electronic device that can store recall, or process information. A computer performs these tasks according to instructions which can easily be changed so it is able to do many different kinds of work. Computers keep files, solve mathematical problems, play games, and control the operations of other machines. (2) Person skilled or trained in computing. This was invented by Charles Babbage.

Consumer Durable : Consumer Durable means any commodity for personal use that has a long life, such as furniture and electrical goods, as opposed to food and drink, which are perishable and have to be replenished frequently.

Customs Duty : is a tax levied on foreign goods imported into the home country or home-made goods exported to foreign countries. (Excise Duty is a tax levied on certain commodities produced and consumed within the country).

Direct Taxes : refer to income-tax levied directly onindividuals on their total world income. (Taxes collected in the shape of excise duties levied on goods of daily use or consumption are called “indirect taxes”).

E-Mail : E-mail or Electronic mail is more cheaper, faster and flexible than most other means of communication.

It involves transporting a computer file that contains the e-mail message from one computer to another.

E-Commerce : This refers to the application of the Internet in conducting commerce of any kind. It includes buying and selling of goods, services or information, between individuals and between

corporations. E-commerce has been categorised into three. Business (B2B), Business-to-Consumer (B2C) and Business-to-Consumer-to-Business-to-Consumer (C2C).

Estate Duty : is a duty levied on the estate or property which changes hands on the death of a person, and has to be paid by his or her inheritors or successors.

Excise Duty and Customs Duty : Excise Duty is a tax levied on certain commodities produced and consumed at home. Customs duty is levied on imports & exports.

Fax : Short for Facsimile, it is a device that transmits pictures, drawings, text to a similar device at the receiving end, using telephone lines.

Floor Crossing : When a member of the legislature leaves the opposition to join the party inpower or vice versa, he or she is said to have crossed the floor. This is also called “defection” of legislators from their parent parties.

Free Port : a port where no duties are levied on articles of commerce.

Gherao : These are tactics of coercion and intimidation by wrongful confinement adopted by agitating workmen.

“Gheraos” have been termed illegal and banned.

Gift Tax : In order to plug th eleakage of taxes through the offerings made by way of gifts by a relative to another of his kin, the Central Government introduced the Gift Tax.

Gold Bonds : These were introduced on October 27, 1965. The main feature of these bonds was that gold will be returned for gold after a period of 15 years and no enquiries would be made as to how the gold had been acquired. Investment in gold bonds is exempted from wealth tax and any gift of the bonds up to 5 kgs is exempt from levy of gift tax.

Green Revolution : refers to alleged elements of change brought about in Indian agriculture by the use of better seeds, improved implements and modern farm practices in order to quicken th eprogress in agriculture.

Hartal : voluntary closure of all business or work to express protest for redress of grievances.

Income-tax : Direct tax levied on total world income of a person in a year. It was levied for the first time in the world in Britain in 1799 by William Pitt to help finance a war against France.

Internet : Internet is a network of computers that offer access to people and informations.

Laser - Light Amplicatoin by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is a device which is capable of producing a powerful, monochromatic and coherent beam of light.

Laser beams are used to cut or melt hard materials, remove diseased body tissues, transmit television signals etc.,

May Day : the day of workers of the world celebrated throughout the world on the 1st May every year with the slogan “Workers of the World, Unite”.

Mid-term Poll : A mid-term poll is an election held out of schedule as a result of the dissoluton of a State legislature before it has been in existence for its normal span of life.

Mixed Economy : Signifies the middle path between capitalism and socialism. India has a mixed economy -economic activity being mainly divided into two sectors - public sector and the private sector. India had accepted the ideal of a mixed economy as its national polity.

Modvat : Modified Value Added Tax-the new scheme of indirect taxes - was introduced in India from March 1, 1986. It allows a manufacturer to obtain instant and complete reimbursement of the excise duty paid on the components and raw materials.

National Income : The World “net” is of special significance, because from the total gross produce a certain amount is to be deducted as charges for depreciation and wearing out of the plant and other capital equipments, while the net income from foreign investments must be added.

Octroi : It is a form of tax levied on goods entering a municipal town. The tax thus collected is generally used for the maintenance of the town.

Open University : is an University wherein students are free to join, leave and rejoin at any stage in their educaiton which is organized as a continuing process.

One such University has been functioning in the U.K.

for some time now.

Panchayati Raj : While capitalism entails exploitation, concentration of wealth in a few hands and denial of the requisite resources to the masses, Panchayati Raj means the exercise of power by the villagers themselves and local self-government at the grass-roots.

Per Capita Income : The term defines national income per head or coefficient resulting from the division of the national income by the size of the population.

Planned Economy : An economic system in which some or all of the decisions on allocation, production, investment and distribution are made by government or an agency delegated to such an authority.

Poverty Line : is to be found at the level of income at which a person or a family can barely subsist. Anyone having an income below that level is said to be below the poverty line.

Prohibition : a measure barring the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks.

Quorum : minimum essential of members to be present in order to constitute a house to transact proceedings.

Snap Polls : A snap poll means a sudden election to a legislature held at short notice before the expiry of its full term. A mid-term poll also means the same thing, even if an election is ordered many months after the middle of a legislature’s usual five-year span.

economic power or reduction of inequalities in income and wealth in a country. The Resolution for a “Socialistic Pattern of Society” was adopted at the Avadi Session of the Indian National Congress.

Tax : A tax is a compulsory payment made by a person or a body or persons to a public authority for which there is no quid pro quo. It is an important source of revenue for the modern governments. Sales tax, in India is a case in point.

Territorial Waters : Although attempts have been made to c odify international law on territorial waters, it has not been found possible to enforce a universally acceptable limit.

Third World : The world is divided into (i) the Western bloc led by the U.S.A., the U.K., West Germany, Japan etc., (ii) the Communist bloc led by the Soviet Union including the East Euripean countries, and (iii) the Third World which generally means the developing countries.

Time Capsule : The term is used to describe metallic cylinders filled with memorabilia and buried deep in the earth so that after a few thousand years, if somebody discovers such a capsule, he should be reminded of what life and times were like when the ‘time capsule’

had been initially buries.

Trade Mark : a distinctive mark or sign, or a name given to a product which is registered in order to safeguard the manufacturer’s rights. Trade mark canot be copied by anyone under the law.

Two - nation Theory : Before India had won freedom, leaders of the Muslim League (which was one of the important political parties in India) put forward the

constituted two separate nations with different religious, cultural and linguistic patterns, and that India should, therefore, be divided in two parts, one of which should be a separate Muslim state to be named Pakistan. This thesis came to be described as the ‘two-nation’ theory.

Value-Added Tax (VAT) : A tax on the value added is termed VAT. The principle governing this tax is that the person paying for goods or services pays a tax thereon and also collects tax on his sales. The net effect of this tax is that the tax paid is credited against tax collected and only the balance is payable to the taxing authority.

Veto : right of executive head to refuse to approve any legislation.

Wealth-tax : It is a tax levied on wealth possessed by an individual or by a Hindu Undivided Family in excess of certain prescribed limits. The object is to keep even-distribution of wealth in society.

White revolution refer to vast production of milk achieved in India. Operation Flood-II programme has been set up for the expansion of the existing plants.

A vast network of Milk producers Co-operative Societies is operating under a three-tier system, milk unions at district level and primary milk societies at the village level.

Zero-base Budgeting : It is improvement over the traditional budgeting and not a substitute of it. It examines critically, regularly and systematically the assumptions of the traditional budget. The budgeted items are treated each year at the Zero-base level as if it was non-existent in the past. Its input is related to the output to decide upon its inclusion in or exclusion from the annual budget.