El frame desde la dramatística: la relación entre el

The durations of time (in minutes) spent per week in vigorous, moderate and sedentary activities were assessed among the study participants as shown in Table 4.6. The mean, median and interquartile range (IQR) time spent in work related vigorous activity on an average day was 470.1, 480 and 360-600 minutes, respectively. This is higher than that reported by Bangladesh Ministry of Health (2010:24). The difference could be due to variation in the nature of work-related activity to be engaged in. There was reduction in the mean and IQR of time spent in work-related vigorous physical activity with increasing age among the study participants. This is because many people do not engage in work-related vigorous physical activity as their age advances. Gender wise, men and women spent mean, median and IQR of 516, 540 and 480-600 and 385.1, 390 and 240-480 minutes respectively in work-related vigorous physical activity; i.e., men spent more time than women. This is consistent with Luc et al (2009:3). The mean, median and IQR time spent on an average day in work-related moderate activity was 467.6, 480 and 240-600 minutes respectively.

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For the transport-related physical activity, the mean, median and IQR of time spent by the study participants on average day were 79.5, 30 and 25-80 minutes, respectively.

This is higher than that of Bangladesh Ministry of Health (2010:24). The difference could be due to better walking and bicycling behaviours of the people in Tigray to travel from one place to another.

The mean, median and IQR of time spent on recreational related vigorous physical activity among the study participants were 66.6, 60 and 50-90 minutes. This is higher than that reported by Bangladesh Ministry of Health (2010:24). The difference could be due to the difference in terms of knowledge and behaviours between the two populations. The mean and IQR of time spent in recreational related vigorous activity was decreasing from 25-44 to 45-64 years of age. The mean, median and IQR of time spent on recreational related moderate physical activity among the study participants on an average day were 86.8, 60 and 30-120 minutes. Gender wise, in men and women the mean, median and IQR of time spent on recreational related moderate physical activity among the study participants on an average day were 76.5, 60, 30-120 and 102.6 120 and 40-120 minutes respectively. This is also consistent with that of Luc et al (2009:3).

The time spent on sedentary sitting on an average day among the study participants was 127.6, 60 and 30-150 in minutes. This is higher than that of the findings in Jimma by Alemseged et al (2012:24) but lower than that of Vietnam by Luc et al (2009:3). By gender, the mean, median and IQR time spent on the sedentary sitting for men and women were 89.8, 60 and 60-120 and 151.2, 90 and 30-180 minutes respectively. This shows women tended to be more sedentary than men. This is not consistent with the findings in Vietnam by Luc et al (2009:3). This could be due to differences behaviour of work related engagements between the above population groups.

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Table 4.6 Time (in minutes) spent in vigorous, moderate and sedentary activity on an average day by the study participants in Kilte Awlaelo HDSS site and Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia December, 2013-January, 2014

(N=2,347)

Men Women Both Sexes

Characteristics Age group No Mean Media n

108 4.2.2.6 Khat chewing

Khat chewing was another behavioural risk factor for NCDs customized and included as expanded component of the local situation in this study. Accordingly, the distribution of Khat chewing has been indicated in Table 4.7. The overall prevalence of Khat chewing among the study participants was 3.3% (95% CI: 2.4-4.1%). This was much lower than that of Alemseged et al (2012:24) which could be explained by the differences in the Khat chewing practices due to high number of Muslims in Jimma than Tigray. The prevalence of Khat chewing in the age groups 25-44 and 45-64 years was 3.8% (95%

CI: 3.0-4.7%) and 1% (95% CI: 0.3-2.3%), respectively. As to the distribution of Khat chewing by gender, in men and women it was 7.1% (95% CI: 5.5-8.9%) and 0.9 (95%

CI: 0.5-1.5), respectively. The gender variation in chewing Khat is in agreement with that that of the study in Addis Ababa and Butajira in Ethiopia by Fikru (2009:28).

Of all the ever Khat chewers, 60.8 (95% CI: 49.4-71.4) chewed Khat in the 12 months preceding the study. Khat chewing in the 12 months preceding the study among the age group 25-44 years and 45-64 years was 62% (95% CI: 50.3-72.7)% and 33.3% (95%

CI: 1.7-86.8). Gender wise, the prevalence in men and women was 66.7% (95% CI:

54.4-77.5) and 27.3% (95% CI: 7.5-57.8). Khat chewing in 30 days preceding the study was 73.9% (95% CI: 59.9-85.0). In the age groups 25-44 years and 45-64 years, the prevalence was 75% (95% CI: 60.7-86.1) and 50% (95% CI: 2.5-97.5) respectively.

Gender wise, it was 78% (95% CI: 63.5-88.7) in men and 40% (95% CI: 7.3-81.8) in women. From this, Khat chewing was more prevalent in the age group 25-44 years old and men participants.

Table 4.7 Khat chewing by the study participants in Kilte Awlaelo HDSS site and Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia December, 2013-January, 2014

Characteristics Age group Men Women Both Sexes

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days 25-64 41 32,78(63.5,88.7) 5 2,40(7.3,81.8) 46 34,73.9(59.9,85)

Concerning the frequency of Khat chewing, 23 (50%) of the study participants chewed Khat on weekly bases followed by 24% daily chewers (Figure4.6).

Figure 4.6 Frequency of Khat chewing among the study participants in the 12 months preceding the study in Kilte Awlaelo HDSS site and Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia December, 2013-January, 2014 (N=46)

Figure 4.7 below showed that among the Khat chewers in the 30 days preceding the study, 72% smoked cigarettes while chewing Khat with varying frequency. Four in ten (40%) chewers smoked cigarettes sometimes while chewing Khat. Twenty-six percent smoked cigarettes always while chewing Khat.

40%

28%

26%

6%

Sometimes Never Always Rarely

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Figure 4.7 Simultaneous use Khat and cigarette among the study participants in the 30 days preceding to the study in Kilte Awlaelo HDSS site and Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia December, 2013-January, 2014 (N=35).

As clearly indicated in figure 4.8, 42.9% of the Khat chewers did not consume any alcohol after chewing Khat. The remaining 57.1% of the study participants drank alcohol following Khat chewing to break the effect of Khat in the 30 days preceding the study.

One in five (20%) chewers drank alcohol always after chewing Khat.

Figure 4.8 Frequency of alcohol drinking after Khat chewing among the study

participants in the 30 days preceding to the study in Kilte Awlaelo HDSS site and Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia December, 2013-January, 2014 (N=34)

Of the 18 Khat chewers, 17(94%) responded that they used shisha (a type of tobacco used by smoking) or other substances while chewing Khat (Figure 4.9).

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Figure 4.9 Frequency of Shisha and other substances use after Khat chewing among the study participants in the 30 days preceding to the study in Kilte Awlaelo HDSS site and Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia December, 2013-January, 2014 (N=34)