El inicio de la conquista espiritual a la Provincia

Over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) is highly suited to surveillance of extremely large areas.

It operates by bouncing transmission off the ionosphere. Figure 2.5-15 shows an FIGURE 2.5-13 ^¢ A

Level-Measurement Radar.

Source: http://

www2.

emersonprocess.

com/SiteCollection Images/News%

20Images/

Rosemount5300.jpg

FIGURE 2.5-14 ^¢ S-Band FMCW Atmospheric Boundary Layer Radar.

example of coverage for the Australian Jindalee system, which is capable of providing surveillance across the entire northern coast of Australia.

The linear FMCW waveform is used for OTHR, including the AN/FPS-118 East Coast Radar System (ECRS), West Coast Radar System (WCRS), AN/TPS-71 Relocatable OTHR (ROTHR), and the SRI International Wide Aperture Research Facility (WARF), along with the Australian Jindalee Stage B and Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) Laverton. The mission for these systems is aircraft and ship detection at ranges beyond the radar horizon. The transmit-to-receive site separation is from 80 km to 180 km. These systems operate within the 5- to 32-MHz band in which signals are reflected by the ionosphere. Transmit effective radiated power (ERP) is 75 dBW to 80 dBW. Modulation frequencies are from 4 Hz to 80 Hz with 4- to 100-kHz bandwidth [51, 52, 53].

2.5.10 Space

Placing a radar sensor at high altitude offers the best geometry for global surveillance.

Indeed, many pulsed imaging radar systems are currently in orbit and more are planned.

A somewhat different concept is the Air Force Space Surveillance System, colloquially known as the Space Fence, a multistatic CW radar system that can detect orbital objects at ranges up to 30,000 km. This unique CW radar system includes six receiving stations and three transmitter sites that operate at different frequencies in the VHF band near 217 MHz. The master transmitter at Lake Kickapoo, Texas, has 99-dBW ERP. The Space Fence radar systems determine target position from Doppler frequency shifts and from interferometry between receive antennas because unmodulated CW radar waveform cannot measure range.

Radar 2

Radar 1

IR SU

FIGURE 2.5-15 ^¢ Jindalee OTHR Radar Coverage.

2.6 REFERENCES

[1] W. K. Saunders, ‘‘CW and FM Radar,’’ Chapter 14 in Radar Handbook, Second Edition, Merrill I. Skolnik, editor, McGraw-Hill, 1990.

[2] W. K. Saunders, ‘‘CW and FM Radar,’’ Chapter 16 in Radar Handbook, M. I. Skolnik, editor, McGraw-Hill, 1970, pp. 16–17.

[3] I. V. Komarov and Sergey M. Smolskiy, Fundamentals of Short-Range FM Radar, Artech House, 2003.

[4] S. Kaplan, Wiley Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dictionary, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2004, ISBN: 9780470547151.

[5] A. G. Stove, ‘‘Linear FMCW Radar Techniques,’’ IEE Proceedings, Part F, Vol. 139, No. 5, October 1992, pp. 343–350.

[6] B.-O. As, CelsiusTech Electronics, Sweden, ‘‘Implementation of FMCW Techniques into Practical Radar Systems,’’ 1993.

[7] A. G. Stove, ‘‘Measurement of Oscillator Phase and Amplitude Noise at W-band,’’ Auto-mated RF & Microwave Measurement Society (ARMMS), RF and Microwave Society, 2008 Conference, 7 to 8 April 2008. Retrieved from http://www.armms.org/images/

conference/ARMMS_Stove.pdf. Accessed on 14 October 2011.

[8] James A. Scheer, ‘‘The Radar Range Equation,’’ Chapter 2 in Principles of Modern Radar, Volume I: Basic Principles, Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer, and William A. Holm, editors, SciTech Publishing, Inc., 2010, p. 65.

[9] D. Johnson and G. Brooker, ‘‘Research Radar for Unmanned Navigation,’’ 2008 Interna-tional Conference on Radar, pp. 165–170 [Digital object identifier 10.1109/

RADAR.2008.4653911].

[10] P. D. L. Beasley, A. G. Stove, B. J. Reits, and B.-O. As, ‘‘Solving the Problems of a Single Antenna Frequency Modulated CW Radar,’’ IEEE Radar Conference, 1990, pp. 391–395.

[11] K. Lin, R. H. Messerian, and Y. Wang, ‘‘A Digital Leakage Cancellation Scheme for Monostatic FMCW Radar,’’ 2004 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37535), June 6–11, 2004, Fort Worth, TX, USA, pp. 747–750, Vol. 2, ISBN: 0 7803 8331 1.

[12] K. Lin and Y. Wang, ‘‘Real-Time DSP for Reflected Power Cancellation in FMCW Radars,’’ 2004 Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC2004-Fall, 2004 IEEE 60th, September 26–29, 2004, Vol. 6, pp. 3905–3907, ISSN: 1090-3038.

[13] A. Laloue, J.-C. Nallatamby, M. Prigent, M. Camiade, and J. Obregon, ‘‘An Efficient Method for Nonlinear Distortion Calculation of the AM and PM Noise Spectra of FMCW Radar Transmitters,’’ IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 51, No. 8, August 2003, pp. 1966–1976.

[14] P. D. L. Beasley, ‘‘Advances in Millimetre Wave FMCW Radar,’’ MRRS-2008 Symposium Proceedings, Kiev, Ukraine, September 22–24, 2008.

[15] G. M. Brooker, D. Birch, and J. Solms, ‘‘W-Band Airborne Interrupted Frequency Modu-lated CW Imaging Radar,’’ IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.

41, No. 3, July 2005, pp. 955–972.

[16] G. Brooker, Introduction to Sensors for Ranging and Imaging, SciTech Publishing, 2009, pp. 456–459.

[17] P. Almorox-Gonzalez, J.-T. Gonzalez-Partida, M. Burgos-Garcia, B. P. Dorta-Naranjo, and J. Gismero, ‘‘Millimeter-Wave Sensor with FMICW Capabilities for Medium-Range High-Resolution Radars,’’ IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 57, Issue 6, June 2009, pp. 1479–1486 [Digital object identifier10.1109/TMTT.2009.2019991].

[18] J. T. Gonzalez-Partida, M. Burgos-Garcia, B. P. Dorta-Naranjo, and F. Perez-Martinez,

‘‘Stagger Procedure to Extend the Frequency Modulated Interrupted Continuous Wave Technique to High Resolution Radars,’’ IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 2007, Vol. 1, Issue 4, pp. 281–288 [Digital object identifier 10.1049/iet-rsn:20060033].

[19] L. Q. Bui, Y. Alon, and T. Morton, ‘‘94 GHz FMCW Radar for Low Visibility Aircraft Landing System,’’ IEEE MTT-S International MW Symposium Digest, June 1991.

[20] R. J. Lefevre, J. C. Kirk, Jr., and R. L. Durand, ‘‘Obstacle Avoidance Sensors for Automatic Nap-of-the-Earth Flight,’’ Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE/AIAA 13th Digital Avionics Sys-tems Conference (DASC), November 1994.

[21] S. O. Piper, ‘‘FMCW Range Resolution for MMW Seeker Applications,’’ IEEE South-eastcon ’90, April 1990.

[22] S. O. Piper, ‘‘Receiver Frequency Resolution for Range Resolution in Homodyne FMCW Radar,’’ National Telesystems Conference, Atlanta, GA, June 1993.

[23] H. D. Griffiths and W. J. Bradford, ‘‘Digital Generation of Wideband FM Waveforms for Radar Altimeters,’’ Proceedings Radar 87 Conference, London, October 1987.

[24] A. Meta, P. Hoogeboom, and L. P. Ligthart, ‘‘Signal Processing for FMCW SAR,’’ IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 45, No. 11, November 2007, pp. 3519–3532.

[25] Y. Liu, D. Goshi, K. Mai, L. Bui, and Y. Shih, ‘‘Linearity Study of DDS-Based W-Band FMCW Sensor,’’ Microwave Symposium Digest, 2009, MTT ’09, IEEE MTT-S Interna-tional, Boston, MA, June 7–12, 2009, pp. 1697–1700, ISSN 0149-645X, Print ISBN 978-1-4244-2803-8, INSPEC Accession Number 10788742 [Digital object identifier 10.1109/

MWSYM.2009.5166042].

[26] M. Jankiraman, ‘‘Phase-Coded Waveform,’’ Chapter 5 in Design of Multi-Frequency CW Radars, SciTech Publishing, 2007.

[27] P. Proctor, ‘‘Low-Level Collision Avoidance Tested,’’ Aviation Week and Space Tech-nology, February 3, 1997.

[28] K. Raymer and T. Weingartner, ‘‘Advanced Terrain Data Processor,’’ Proceedings of the IEEE/AIAA 13th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 31 October to November 3, 1994, pp. 636–639.

[29] M.-M. Meinecke and H. Rohling, ‘‘Combination of LFMCW and FSK Modulation Principles for Automotive Radar Systems,’’ German Radar Symposium GRS2000, Berlin, October 22–12, 2000.

[30] J. D. Will, ‘‘Monopulse Doppler Radar for Vehicle Applications,’’ Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles ’95 Symposium, September 25–26, 1995, IEEE Catalog 95TH8132, p. 42, ISBN 0-7803-2983-X.

[31] S. O. Piper and J. Wiltse, ‘‘Continuous Wave Radar,’’ in ‘‘RF and Microwave Applications and Systems,’’ Chapter 14 in The RF and Microwave Handbook, Second Edition, Mike Golio and Janet Golio, editors, CRC Press, 2008.

[32] M. Jankiraman, Chapter 7 in Design of Multi-Frequency CW Radars, SciTech Publishing, 2007.

[33] M. Jankiraman, Chapter 8 in Design of Multi-Frequency CW Radars, SciTech Publishing, 2007.

[34] P. E. Pace, Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar, Second Edition, Artech House, 2009, pp. 42–45.

[35] P. E. Pace, Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar, Second Edition, Artech House, 2009, p. 43.

[36] M. Rangwala, L. Juseop, and K. Sarabandi, ‘‘Design of FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar for Helicopter Assisted Landing,’’ 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2007, pp. 4183–4186 [Digital object identifier 10.1109/

IGARSS.2007.4423772].

[37] D. S. Goshi, Y. Liu, K. Mai, L. Bui, and Y. Shih, ‘‘Cable Imaging with an Active W-Band Millimeter-Wave Sensor,’’ 2010 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), May 23–28, 2010, Anaheim, CA, pp. 1620–1623 [Digital object identifier 10.1109/

MWSYM.2010.5515781].

[38] P. E. Pace, Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar, Second Edition, Artech House, 2009, p. 466.

[39] P. E. Pace, Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar, Second Edition, Artech House, 2009, pp. 58–59.

[40] Defense Update International. ‘‘Active Protection Systems for AFVs,’’ Defense Update International Online Defense Magazine, Issue 1, 2004.

[41] Anti-Missile System for Main Battle Tanks, Lt. Col. Carlo Aimini, Italian Army, Interna-tional Armaments Technology Symposium and Exhibition, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, June 14–16, 2004.

[42] M. Steinhauer, H.-O. Ruoss, H. Irion, and W. Menzel, ‘‘Millimeter-Wave-Radar Sensor Based on a Transceiver Array for Automotive Applications,’’ IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 56, No. 2, February 2008, p. 261.

[43] M. Goppelt, H.-L. Blocher, and W. Menzel, ‘‘Analytical Investigation of Mutual Inter-ference Between Automotive FMCW Radar Sensors,’’ 2011 German Microwave Conference (GeMIC), pp. 1–4.

[44] H. Rohling and M.-M. Meinecke, ‘‘Waveform Design Principles for Automotive Radar Systems,’’ Proceedings 2001 CIE International Conference on Radar, pp. 1–4 [Digital object identifier 10.1109/ICR.2001.984612].

[45] H. Rohling and C. Moller, ‘‘Radar Waveform for Automotive Radar Systems and Appli-cations,’’ IEEE Radar Conference, 2008, RADAR ’08, pp. 1–4 [Digital object identifier 10.1109/RADAR.2008.4721121].

[46] S. J. Frasier, ‘‘High-Resolution S-Band Profiling of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer,’’

ARO Grant DAAG-55-98-1-0513, November 4, 2002.

[47] S. J. Frasier, A. Muschinski, P.-S. Tsai, and M. Behn, ‘‘Vertical Velocity Turbulence observed with FMCW Radar,’’ in the digest of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pp. III 911–III 914, July 2008.

[48] C. R. Williams, ‘‘Inexpensive FM-CW Radar for Boundary-Layer Precipitation Studies,’’

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2011.

[49] A. Meta and P. Hoogeboom, ‘‘Time Analysis and Processing of FM-CW SAR Signals,’’

available at http://irctr.et.tudelft.nl/sector/rs/articles/2003/irs_meta.pdf.

[50] J. Nouvel et al., ‘‘A Ka Band Imaging Radar: DRIVE on board ONERA Motorglider,’’

Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience Remote Sensing Symposium, Denver, CO, August 2006, pp. 134–136.

[51] M. Weiss and J. H. G. Ender, ‘‘A 3D Imaging Radar for Small Unmanned Airplanes – ARTINO,’’ Proceedings of EURAD, Paris, France, October 2005, pp. 209–212.

[52] J. M. Headrick and S. J. Anderson, ‘‘HF Over-the-Horizon Radar,’’ Chapter 20 in Radar Handbook, Third Edition, Merrill I. Skolnik, editor in chief, McGraw Hill, 2008.

[53] T. H. Pearce, ‘‘The Application of Digital Receiver Technology to HF Radar,’’

Fifth International Conference on HF Radio Systems and Techniques, London, England, July 22–25, 1991.