OBJETO Y PRETENSIÓN DEL RECURSO CONTENCIOSO-ADMINISTRATIVO
IV. LA AUTOTUTELA ADMINISTRATIVA
2. El proceso constitutivo o ejecutivo
The environmental context of factors refers to external influences in the arena in which the SME adopts OSS: pressures from the SMEs' business partners, its industry, or competitors;
access to resources from suppliers; and dealings with government bodies (Chang et al. 2005;
Hong and Zhu 2006; Raymond et al. 2005; Xu et al. 2004; Zhu and Kraemer 2005; Zhu et al.
2003a,b). Related factors identified in the literature are summarised in Table 2.3. Again, the factors are discussed as a common set of examples to allow us to understand the environmental context of factors that may influence the adoption of OSS by SMEs and include government support, lack of support, and vendor support. These factors appear frequently in the OSS and ICT adoption literature, suggesting that they may be important issues and provide useful lessons about environmental context of factors and their influence on the adoption of OSS by SMEs.
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Table 2.3 Environmental Factors Influencing the Adoption of OSS
Factors Description References
Government policies Refers to the effect of inadequate government policies for enhanced ICT adoption through raising awareness and improving access to supporting information and infrastructure.
Darch and Lucas (2002) Lawson et al. (2003) Martin and Matlay (2003) Simpson and Docherty (2004) Lack of support Refers to potential difficulty to use or maintain
OSS due to limited availability of internal or external technical support. This has also been discussed in terms of concerns about the
important network players that facilitate the adoption of ICT by providing supplementary services, infrastructure and training. suggest that some government agencies have proven to have initiated some of the most successful initiatives in helping SMEs with their ICT adoption challenges.
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China and India (see, for example, Benssen 2002; Kshetri 2004; Mindel et al. 2007; Valimaki et al. 2005; Wheeler 2007).
Such initiatives as discussed above are likely to encourage SMEs to see OSS as a viable alternative to proprietary software, and therefore can influence their perceptions about the adoption of OSS. Drawing on these views, government initiatives, incentives and policies could influence SME adoption of OSS. However, even within the context of SME adoption of ICT, studies such as Simpson and Docherty (2004) suggest that there are criticisms of the effectiveness of government policies that help SMEs. Because of their relevance to government support for SME adoption of OSS, some of these criticisms are examined as follows.
Darch and Lucas (2002) suggest that SMEs that have sought to participate in government
backed initiatives have been disappointed with the IT capacity of the advisers in delivering advice and other information services relevant to the participating SMEs' business needs. This is consistent with the view expressed in Martin and Matlay (2003), which suggests that information from government initiatives and other business associations had proved insufficient or inappropriate for many SME business needs. This issue was also discussed in Blackburn and Athayde (2000), who acknowledge that government training initiatives should be considerate of SME ICT concerns, and also flexible and sensitive to SME financial burdens for ICT training.
The arguments presented above suggest that relevant and accurate professional advice or information from business advisers is important. Furthermore, the provision of business support which is focused specifically on the ICT needs of SMEs is also important. Hence, government initiatives that focus on such objectives can be successful in enhancing the adoption of OSS within SMEs. However, the criticisms discussed here have shown that government initiatives that are not well focused on important objectives can reduce SME confidence and potentially create barriers to their adoption of OSS.
2.4.2 Lack of Support
The second factor presented in Table 2.1 is lack of support, which fits within the environment context of factors because it relates to issues in the arena of the adoption of OSS, including access to human resources (such as external IT support) from suppliers (such as vendors and consultants) for the adoption of OSS, in the enterprise. Studies suggest that IT support is an important issue in SME adoption of ICT (Chester and Skok 2000; Simpson and Docherty K. Mijinyawa
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2004; Stansfield and Grant 2003; Stockdale and Standing 2004). Therefore it can be expected that availability of IT support for OSS will be an important factor for SME adoption of this type of ICT. As suggested by Fitzgerald and Kenny (2003), the availability of, and access to, adequate IT support plays an important role in assuring management and staff right across the organisation, especially during a major change in their ICT environment.
Therefore, in this study, it can be deduced that IT support for SMEs is important for many reasons including the mitigation of complexities in their use, maintenance and customisation of OSS.
However, lack of adequate IT support has been reported as a major barrier for organisational adoption of OSS. Geira (2004) suggests that many organisations using OSS were concerned about the lack of support, and many organisations simply did not adopt OSS for this reason.
Dedrick and West (2004) suggest that it can be difficult to find IT staff with the necessary skills to support the more complex requirements of some OSS, such as in a Linux environment. Wang and Wang (2001) suggest that technical support from commercial entities, for many OSS such as operating systems and application environments, was comprehensive but scarce.
Clearly, the lack of IT support for OSS can be problematic for SMEs adopting this type of ICT, particularly when such OSS adoption is vital for an SME's business. However, some studies suggest that there are many forms and sources of support which may meet SME needs. For example, Overby et al. (2006) suggest that sources of OSS support such as inhouse IT support, the Open Source developer community, and commercial entities have been able to provide adequate services to support the adoption of OSS in the organisation.
Fitzgerald (2006), Geira (2004), and Wang and Wang (2001) also suggest that support for OSS can be sourced from individual developers, the Open Source community and commercial entities such as CSC, EDS, HP, IBM, Novell, and 'Red Hat'. They also suggest that such support may include training, documentation, realtime support, bug fixes and professional consulting. Dedrick and West (2003) suggest that small businesses may be happy with in
house support or support from the Open Source community partly because they lack the financial resources to buy support contracts from major IT vendors such as IBM, HP or SUN systems. These views suggest from a broader perspective, that different SMEs may have different needs for different types and levels of support in OSS adoption (Chester and Skok 2000).
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As suggested by Dedrick and West (2003), some measures for getting external IT support for OSS may involve additional investment of SME resources (Holck et al. 2004; Kumar and Krishnan 2005). The use of scarce resources in IT adoption has often been a challenge for SMEs (Darch and Lucas 2002; Duan et al. 2002; Dutta and Evrard 1999; Robert et al. 2003).
Thus, such initiatives will always require the engagement and support of SME
managers/owners where such individuals may display their innovativeness and entrepreneurship (Gelinas and Bigras 2004; Houghton et al. 2001; Martin and Matlay 2003).
2.4.3 Vendor Support
The third factor in the environment context is vendor support. Again, this factor is relates to issues in the arena of the adoption of OSS, including access to resources (such as OSS products and support services) from suppliers (such as vendors and consultants). Some studies suggest that vendors can influence SME adoption of ICT (Dutta and Evrard 1999).
Such influence can drive SME initiatives to adopt ICT, or create barriers to SME adoption of ICT (Geira 2004; Glynn et al. 2005; Martin and Matlay 2003). This suggests that OSS vendors can facilitate SME adoption of OSS, and can also create barriers to SME adoption of OSS. For example, collaboration with OSS vendors can provide SMEs with access to a wide network of information and potentially increase its software platform past that initially envisaged by the SME (Dutta and Evrard 1999). Also, OSS vendors may be most effective in addressing SME concerns about their effective use of OSS by providing adequate support and providing adequate and relevant OSS products that meet the needs of SMEs (Dutta and Evrard 1999).
On the other hand, information services and products from OSS vendors can be too generalised to be sufficient and appropriate for particular needs of an SME (Dutta and Evrard 1999; Martin and Matlay 2003). SMEs may also face the vendor lockin phenomena, which can make migration to OSS platforms costly in terms of human and financial resources, because of the vast amount of resources already invested in existing IT platforms (Fitzgerald and Kenny 2003; Glynn et al. 2005; Valimaki et al. 2005). Vendor lockin can be seen as a strong barrier to SME adoption of OSS because many SMEs are sensitive to issues related to the use of scarce human and financial resources, which are characteristics of their small business size (Blackburn and Athayde 2000; Duan et al. 2002; Martin and Matlay 2001;
Taylor and Murphy 2004).
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