El testigo protegido o reservado o anónimo

There are three main settlement forms that developed during the Post-Medieval and Early Modern eras. In- evitably, settlements that were established during the Late Medieval period were still in use throughout Post-Medieval and Early Modern times. New houses were being built following traditions and methods al- ready set in the past. Thus, new houses developing in the immediate neighbourhood outside Medieval de- fended centres were built side by side, forming a sec- ond ring of houses and an exterior line of defence. In these cases, however, there was a greater degree of freedom and more space became available, but repe- tition was kept to a certain extent; these, and new settlements that were established on hilltops follow-

ing a‘defended model’, are referred to as ‘evolved fortified’.

Another settlement form that dominated the Cycladic landscape during the Post-Medieval and Early Mod- ern periods is the‘linear’ or‘traditional’settlement. Such settlements developed with a greater degree of freedom, following natural paths and landscape con- tours, usually forming a continuous network of blocks or lines of houses. Finally, an equally impor- tant settlement form that developed during the late 18th and 19th centuries in the Cycladic countryside, lasting to the 1950s, is the dispersed cluster of farm- houses with auxiliary structures for agricultural pur- poses attached to them. These farmhouses formed groups or clusters, at short distances from each other within a defined agricultural countryside.

5.3.1 Settlements of the Evolved Fortified Form There are two distinct types of settlement that belong to the evolved fortified form, and which developed especially during the Post-Medieval period. The first type constitutes the defended-like rings of houses that were built immediately outside the Late Medie- val fortified centres. The second type is characterised by its compact and circular layout, usually built on and around a low hilltop, imitating in a way the typi- cal layout of fortified settlements of the irregular plan.

Settlements of the evolved fortified form of the first type are found on Cycladic islands that preserve for- tified settlements of either the orthogonal or the irre- gular plan, such as Chora on Andros, Chora on My- konos, Paroikia on Paros, and Chora on Naxos. A typical example of a settlement of the first type, how- ever, which developed during the Post-Medieval pe- riod immediately outside a large Late Medieval de- fended centre is Chora, the main town of Naxos. Chora (Fig. 5.23) was expanded through time, while newcomers, older inhabitants and different ethnic groups formed different neighbourhoods. The area that became known as‘Agora’and‘Bourgos’imme- diately outside Sanudo’s 13th-century Kastro, was fully developed by the middle of the 14th century and housed the Greek Orthodox population of Chora, while the Catholic Latins still occupied the defended Kastro. A number of Jews (and possibly Armenians)

settled in Chora and created the district of ‘Evriaki’ near the Phoundana spring around 1566, with the permission of Joseph Nasi. Refugees from other Ot- toman-dominated areas during the first half of the 18th century and refugees from Asia Minor and Crete around 1860 formed the district of ‘Nio Chorio’ (Kouroupaki et al. 1988). Apart from the need to house newcomers and their commercial activities in an economically developing society, especially from the 18th century onwards, it seems that Chora’s lay- out reflects the need of different populations to group themselves according to different religious beliefs, language and ethnic background (Vionis 2003, 201). Similarly, Late Medieval Kastro of Paroikia (Fig. 5.17) in neighbouring Paros was extended with the construction of two linear house-rings outside the original defended area, forming the basis for the de- velopment of the Post-Medieval and Early Modern town. The rings that were built outside Kastro during the early Post-Medieval period consisted of multi- functional single-roomed houses with a similar Med- ieval space-shortage. In the Early Modern town of Paroikia, urban houses with neoclassical influences as well as large neoclassical buildings (Fig. 5.24) were accordingly built outside the Medieval de- fended centre, in the area along the road to the monu- mental church of Ekatontapyliani (Philippa-Aposto- lou 1988). That used to be and still is the‘market- street’ of the town, while these urban houses of the

Fig. 5.23 Plan of Chora on Naxos with its different districts: A = Kastro (1207), Venetian quarter; B = Bourgo (1344), Greek (and Armenian?) quarter; C = Evriaki (1566), Jewish settlement; D & E = Nio Chorio (1743 & 1877), refugees from Crete and Asia Minor; F = jetty (1898); G = Phoundana (1922-31), refugees from Smyrna (redrawn after Kouroupakiet al.1988, 81, fig. 2)

Fig. 5.24 Neoclassical houses along the main market- street of Paroikia, Paros

emerging middle class of merchants and traders had spacious courtyards and gardens, reminiscent of ur- ban centres in other parts of Greece.

Settlements of the evolved fortified form of the sec- ond type are found on nearly every Cycladic island, and they seem to reflect a rather intense need for de- fence, imitating in a way the circular and cul-de-sac arrangement of Late Medieval kastra. It has been suggested (Tzakou 1988) that this settlement type is possibly an intermediate stage between the fortified settlements and the later purely linear types. An ex- ample of a settlement of this form is Marpissa in Eastern Paros. Marpissa was fully developed by the beginning of the 17th century on a low hill, densely built in a rather Medieval fortified fashion. Although there is no defence wall around the settlement and no outer defensive line can be recognised among struc- tures in the periphery, building blocks follow the hill- contours and create a cul-de-sac layout with both sin- gle- and two-storey houses.

Amorgos: Chora

Chora in the interior of Amorgos, established during the Late Medieval period as a defended town, retains very few remains of the original settlement. How- ever, the fortified nature of the settlement’s layout, with its two-storey tower-like houses on the periph- ery of thekastro-quarter reveal that Chora was once a typical Cycladic small defended site. The dynamic expansion of the settlement beginning in the 16th

Fig. 5.25 Plan of Chora on Amorgos

and following more intensely during the 18th and 19th centuries, created a number of densely built dis- tricts around the Kastro quarter, in harmony with the ground contours (Fig. 5.25). The layout of the dis- tricts that developed around Kastro during the Post- Medieval period certainly belongs to the evolved for- tified form. An almost straight paved pedestrian street runs from East to West through present-day Chora, dividing the settlement into two portions, de- veloping at the same time as the main‘market-street’ of the town. Narrower paths leading off the main paved street mark the gradual direction of the settle- ment’s evolution.

The district of Vorina (meaning‘Northerly’) on the North of the central street, can be identified as the original Late Medieval quarter of the town, with the central square of Loza and the Venetian fort on a rocky outcrop rising above the town. This neighbour- hood nowadays consists mainly of renovated build- ings from the early years of the Post-Medieval peri- od. Similarly, during the early period of Ottoman

domination the Vlicha district was established to the South of the town’s main pedestrian artery with its parish churches of Vlisani and St. Basil. Kato Yito- nia (translated as ‘lower neighbourhood’) at the Western entrance and Apano Yitonia (translated as

‘upper neighbourhood) at the Eastern entrance of Chora, are the most recently established districts, da- ted between the 17th and 18th centuries. Both neigh- bourhoods preserve churches founded or renovated at the same time as the districts themselves, while elaborate 18th- and 19th-century gentry housing is evidently more common here.

Mykonos: Chora

Chora on Mykonos was another Late Medieval settle- ment that developed further during the Post-Medieval and Early Modern periods. Romanos (1988, 56-7) has pointed out that until the middle of the 17th century Chora was confined to Kastro. Although not much of the original Medieval settlement has been preserved (apart from its general roughly rectangular layout), a

‘new’ town was gradually constructed and spread even beyond the original enceinte in a rather Medie- val manner, with new buildings replacing the Medie- val ones. This extension has been placed chronologi- cally in the first half of the 18th century. The total size of the Late Medieval fortified town has been esti- mated at about 7200 m2, most possibly housing ap- proximately 2000 inhabitants. The period between the early 18th century and the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence saw a great economic expan- sion and population growth, with Mykonians playing a leading role in shipping commerce and trade, while their town developed further in size, measuring 20,000 m2. Both as a Late Medieval settlement and the later proto-capitalist harbour-town, Chora was densely constructed with a labyrinth-like complex of streets. Romanos (1988, 60) notes that Chora was partly characterised by its rectangular street plan; the formation of the building blocks was made by double series of buildings. These blocks perhaps constitute a recollection of the older fortified settlements with an unbroken facade, which created the external wall.

Naxos: Chora

Tournefort (1718) informs us that around 1700 the descendants of Marco I Sanudo and the Latin aristoc- racy were still in possession of the Medieval Kastro, while the more numerous Greeks lived in the area between Kastro and the coast (Fig. 5.26). During the same period Kastro of Naxos numbered 200 houses, all of them occupied by Latin noble families and their servants. A number of new districts were developed later on around the primary formation of Kastro. The neighbourhoods of Bourgo or Agora were founded by Orthodox Greeks during the first quarter of the 14th century, while the Post-Medieval expansion of Kastro can be placed in the second half of the 16th century, with the establishment of a number of Jews in the district of Evriaki (Fig. 5.23). The quarter of Nio Chorio was formed in the early 18th century with refugees from other Ottoman-dominated areas. The totality of Late Medieval Kastro and the districts that developed outside it is what made the capital of Naxos a settlement with town-status. Commercial ac- tivities during the Post-Medieval period took place in Bourgo, where the narrow streets formed a unit of commercial exchange and semi-private domestic life, outside the doorstep of neighbouring houses.

Fig. 5.26 Engraving of Chora on Naxos by Choiseul- Gouffier (1782)

The new Post-Medieval town that developed outside Kastro belongs to those of the evolved fortified lay- out. The houses that were built within the new dis- tricts formed themselves a second fortified zone, en- circling Kastro. Apart from the three principal gates (Fig. 5.27) leading inside the original Late Medieval Kastro (i.e.Trani Porta, Paraporti and Piso Parapor- ti), there were three more which were created after the formation of the Bourgo and Evriaki districts, each gate providing entry to a different neighbour- hood of Chora. The principal gate of Bourgo (i.e.

Porta Gialou) is located next to the Catholic chapel of Panagia Chionon. The secondary gate of the same district is situated next to the Orthodox chapel of St. Elias, while the gate leading into the Jewish quarter of Evriaki is located next to the church of St. Sophia, originally a synagogue (Kefalliniadis 1964). How- ever, structures in the areas mentioned above are con- structed with a greater degree of freedom because of more available space and marked by a lesser degree of planning. Similarly, the domestic structures hous- ing the non-noble inhabitants are constructed con- tinuously, forming another defensive wall and a pri- mary line of defence. The houses themselves are mainly two-storey (but not as high as those of the Kastro district) having one to three rooms, built of cheap local material, reflecting the social standing of their owners. It is characteristic that the houses with- in the Medieval Kastro of Sanudo (inhabited by the

Kastrinoior Catholics of the Kastro) are calledarch- ontikaor mansions. Those in the areas inhabited by

Fig. 5.27 View ofTrani Porta, the main gate of Kastro on Naxos

Greeks, Armenians and Jews or theBourgianoiare calledlaikaor folk housing (Kouroupakiet al.1988, 86; Vionis 2003, 201).

Paros: Chora

The fortified district of Kastro in the present-day town of Paroikia on the island of Paros was con- structed around 1260. As it has already been men- tioned above, after the transfer of the island’s admin- istrative seat from Kastro to Kephalos in the late 15th century, the population of Paroikia moved into the Medieval defended centre, while zones of house- rings were added to it during the period of its evolu- tion (Fig. 5.17). These added zones of house-rings along the East and South defensive lines of Late Medieval Kastro must have taken place since the 16th century, while building activity immediately outside the original defensive wall reached its peak during the 17th and 18th centuries. In Paroikia these new building blocks of evenly arranged continuous rings of houses, followed the hill contours and the

Fig. 5.28 View of a street in the town of Paroikia, Paros

form of the original enceinte in such a way, that the whole hill reveals a Medieval-style layout (Fig. 5.28). The town of Paroikia on and around the hill of Agios Konstantinos, however, belongs to the settlements of the evolved fortified form, built in two phases. Al- though initially there must have been more available space for the construction of houses outside the de- fensive rings, they are mostly two-storey and single- roomed with or without a dividing wall.

Paros: Naoussa

The defended town of Naoussa was extended to- wards the South and West especially during the 17th and 18th centuries. The case of Naoussa is again very interesting. It was originally a Late Medieval forti- fied town of the orthogonal plan, with continuous house-rings forming the defensive wall of the town; new house-blocks, however, were built in almost precise orthogonal dimensions, forming an impress- ive Hippodamian street plan (Fig. 5.29). Likewise, houses in the area outside the original enceinte are two-storey and either single-roomed (with or without a dividing wall) or with one/two room(s) built at the back; their height on the outside does not exceed that of the original Late Medieval housing. This carefully arranged layout in a period of relative prosperity, un- der a tolerant Ottoman rule, suggests that the evolu- tion of Naoussa outside its Medieval defended centre was an organised project of the local authorities, who showed their innovative initiative and great respect for the rules of the existing built environment.

Fig. 5.29 Map of the town of Naoussa on Paros by the Russian forces of 1772 (Rangoussi-Kontogiorgou 2000, 57, fig. 25b)

Naturally, the town of Naoussa belongs to those of the evolved fortified form.

5.3.2 Settlements of the Linear or Traditional Form The linear or traditional settlements in the Cyclades developed during the Post-Medieval and Early Mod- ern periods, being equally common as the fortified settlements in the rest of the Aegean islands. The ba- sic characteristic of the linear settlements is that they form a continuous network of houses and have a largely linear layout, established on an inland pla- teau, a mountain slope or a hillside. Different house- types can be identified in settlements of the linear form, such as single- and two-storey narrow-fronted and broad-fronted houses, arched houses with a cen- tral living room and two bedrooms at the rear, as well as large urban folk houses with neoclassical features or houses of the neoclassical style proper.

The best-published examples of settlements of the lin- ear form come from the island of Siphnos (Tzakou 1979; 1988). In the case of Siphnos, the settlements’ layout is freer (Fig. 5.30); the only limitation being that a single main street or a natural footpath, as well as the terrain’s contours determined the settlements’ orientation and evolution through time and space. A large number of churches built throughout the period of each settlement’s development (i.e. the Ottoman

Fig. 5.30 Plan of an inland settlement on Siphnos (Tzakou 1979, 85, fig. 67)

period) in combination with minor paths vertical to the main one, created individual quarters or neigh- bourhoods. In some cases, these churches were con- nected to neighbouring houses, frequently sharing a common courtyard, and they, too, were focal points around which neighbourhoods developed and acted as points of reference (Tzakou 1988, 184-8). The complex of six settlements on the island of Siphnos, from Artemonas in the North to Katavati and Exambe- la in the South, forms a continuous network of semi- urban residences, housing peasant communities closer to their cultivated fields. The variety of house-types within these settlements reveals their historical devel- opment and the social status of their inhabitants. Dif- ferent neighbourhoods included different house- types, representing the poorer farmers’single-roomed

‘town-housing’, the great landowners’pretentious re- sidences with a large living room and private bed- rooms, and the traders’ landmarks of neoclassical housing.

Apart from the settlement-type of the linear form de- veloping usually on a plateau in the islands’interior, there is a second type, very common throughout

Greece, which was established on a mountain slope or a hillside, developing in an amphitheatrical fash- ion. Lefkes, for instance, an upland settlement on Paros, is the only settlement that developed in a dif- ferent fashion from other settlements on the island (of the fortified and evolved fortified forms), where aspects of natural defence (e.g.the settlement is not visible from the sea) and landscape shaped its gener- al layout. Lefkes developed freely, following the contours of the mountain slope and the main roads communicating with the interior of the island (Philip- pa-Apostolou 1988). Similarly, inland settlements on the island of Tinos grew in size and doubled in num- ber, especially from the early 18th century onwards, when the island experienced a time of social and eco- nomic prosperity after its final incorporation into the Ottoman Empire. It has been noted (Charitonidou 1988b) that several Late Medieval inland villages were preserved and continuously inhabited until their great expansion during the Ottoman period, when new houses were built on either side of a central paved narrow street, around the edge of the Medieval core of the village. However, although these inland villages on the island of Tinos were usually built on steep, inaccessible slopes, most of them still preserve a linear arrangement, such as Tarabados, Dyo Chor-