echino∂ermfi
wormfi
M. A.
scorpio>
M. A.
snai¬
M. A.
spon@æ
M. A.
∆ellyfis™
M. A.
starfis™
M. A.
earthworµ
arachnidfi crusta©eanfi inßectfi myriapodfi
Notes:
UNIT CONTENT
Assessment criteria
•Recognising the distinctive characteristics which define each of the vertebrate groups
•Distinguishing reptiles, amphibians and fish
•Classifying vertebrates correctly using different criteria
•Associating characteristics of the different vertebrate groups with their way of life
•Recognising the variety of marine animals
•Associating the physical appearance and structure of certain animals with their adaptation to life in the sea
•Observing photographs of vertebrates to obtain information Content objectives
1. Recognising the characteristics of the main groups of vertebrates
2. Classifying vertebrates into mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and amphibians 3. Learning that there are various bird groups with distinctive characteristics 4. Understanding how reptiles are classified
5. Understanding how fish are classified
6. Understanding how amphibians are classified
7. Appreciating the importance of knowing about and protecting animals Language objectives
1. Describing quantity: most; some; many; a few; others
2. Describing location: inside; on; on the front of; on the sides; underwater 3. Explaining how actions occur: They swim by moving … Using their wings … 4. Describing general and particular characteristics: All birds … Each bird species … 5. Providing additional information: … food which the bird eats
6. Expressing purpose: They come to the surface to breathe … use their fins to swim.
7. Describing progression: As young amphibians grow, they change …
•Physical appearance and structure of vertebrate groups
•Reproduction, habitats, how they breathe, and main characteristics of vertebrate groups
•Describe the vertebrate groups
•Classify vertebrates into groups
•Compare types of vertebrates
•Associate physical aspects of the vertebrate groups with the habitats where they live and their habits
•Observe photographs of vertebrate animals to obtain information
•Appreciate the importance of knowing about and protecting animals
CONCEPTS PROCEDURES ATTITUDES
Contents
UNIT 4
Vertebrates
UNIT 0
41
RESOURCES
Resource folder
• Reinforcement and extension – Reinforcement: Worksheet 4 – Extension: Worksheet 4
• Assessment
– Assessment: Worksheet 4
•Developing intelligence worksheets
•Working with recent immigrants PHOTOCOPIABLE RESOURCES SPECIAL PROGRAMMES *
Internet resources www.richmondelt.com www.indexnet.santillana.es Animal classification
http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/
ScienceIndex.htm
Many interesting science topics are covered including animal classification. For students and teachers.
Animal photo galleries
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/PhotoGallery/
default.cfm
Up close with a variety of reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals, including primates and giant pandas, at the Smithsonian Zoological Park. For students and teachers.
Iberian Nature
http://www.iberianature.com/index.html
A guide to the wildlife, geography and nature of Spain.
For students and teachers.
Other resources
•Richmond World Facts
•Richmond Student’s Dictionary
•Flashcards
•Posters
* Not yet available in English www.richmondelt.com
LEVEL
5
IT’S A
M
AMMAL!
IT’S A
M
AMMAL!
Make more questions. Change the underlined words.
Do carnivores have sharp teeth? Are zebras carnivores?
What do you think about fur coats and jackets?
VERTEBRATES 15
Vertebrates
LOOK
READ 1. Mammals
All mammals have a head, a trunk and limbs.
However, they differ in their limbs and bodies.
Most mammals have legs, some have fins, and bats have wings. Many mammals have a body covered with hair or fur.
Mammals can keep their body temperature constant when the outside temperature changes.
For this reason, they are called warm-blooded animals. They breathe air through their lungs.
Mammals are viviparous. The young grow inside the female’s body, receiving oxygen and nutrients. Baby mammals drink their mother’s milk.
Mammals live in different habitats.
Most mammals are terrestrial.
However, some mammals, such as dolphins, are aquatic. They breathe at the water’s surface.
2. Mammal groups
•Primates have five fingers on their hands and feet.
Their eyes are on the front of the head, not on the sides like many animals.
Human beings, monkeys and gorillas are primates.
•Carnivores hunt for food.
They have sharp teeth and feet with claws.
Lions are carnivores.
•Ungulates are herbivores.
They have feet with hooves.
Zebras are ungulates.
•Cetaceans are marine mammals.
They have no hair.
They swim by moving their tails and flippers.
Whales and dolphins are cetaceans.
Look at the photo.
Think about these questions:
•What do these animals look like?
They have …
•Do all mammals live on land?
Then read the texts and answer the questions.
16
■ CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Mammal Quiz. Ss read the information about mammals and mammal groups again and listen to and . Then they close their books. Divide the class into two groups and read each of the following questions aloud twice. Ss put up their hand if they know the answer. The first student to answer correctly wins a point for their group.
1. Do all mammals have legs? (no)
2. Are mammals warm-blooded animals? (yes) 3. Do whales breathe air through their lungs? (yes) 4. Do mammals lay eggs? (no)
5. Do all baby mammals eat solid food? (no) 6. Are human beings primates? (yes)
7. Do zebras have feet with claws? (no) 8. Do dolphins have hair? (no)
33 32
1
Content objectives: 1, 2, 7.
Language objectives: 1, 2, 3.
Vocabulary: carnivores, cetaceans, fur, hair, lungs, mammals, milk, primates, ungulates, viviparous, warm-blooded
M.A. Do primates have five fingers? Are gorillas primates? Do ungulates have feet with hooves? Are dolphins ungulates? Open answers.
■ Special attention
• Associating each mammal group with their general and distinctive characteristics
• Understanding that marine mammals breathe through lungs
■ Hands on
■ Presentation
• Ss compare and contrast the animals in the picture. Which is the biggest?
What do they all have in common?
(a head, a trunk and four limbs/legs.)
• Ss read and with and .
Write a list of the highlighted words in on the BB. Ask Ss: Which characteristics do most mammals have? (They are viviparous, terrestrial, warm-blooded, breathe through lungs, and have hair or fur. Baby mammals drink their mother’s milk.)
• Ask Ss: Name the mammal groups. What group do dolphins belong to? What group has hooves?, etc.
• Ss do the activity at the bottom of the page.
1
Marine mammals and flotation
• Tie an elastic band to one end of a large stone.
• Put the stone in a pail of water. Ask Ss: When we pull the stone up, will it feel heavier or lighter? Ss take turns to pull up the stone.
• Ask: Does it feel heavier or lighter in the water? (lighter) What is pushing it up? (the water) This is the Archimedes Principle. How do marine mammals float? (because of their shape, density and the upward push of the water)
Wool. Wool is the hair from sheep and other animals. The animals are not hurt when the wool is cut.
43
■ Special attention
• Associating bird groups with their distinctive characteristics
■ Hands on
■ Presentation
• Ask Ss: What distinctive
characteristics do birds have that no other animals have? (feathers and a beak)
• Ss read with .
• Ask Ss: What group does the pheasant belong to? What group does the ostrich belong to?
• Ask Ss: Look at the beak of the canary, the heron and the duck: which is the shortest?
(the canary’s) the longest? (the heron’s) the flattest and widest? (the duck’s)
• Tell Ss that some birds feed by themselves as soon as they are born. For example, ducks and chickens are born with feathers;
they walk and follow their mother around.
Activity Book, page 12.
➔ R
Birds have a head, a trunk, a tail and limbs.
The front limbs are wings, and the back limbs are legs.
A bird’s skin is covered with feathers.
Using their wings, most birds can fly.
Birds can keep their body temperature constant when the outside temperature changes.
For this reason, they are called warm-blooded animals. They breathe through their lungs.
Female birds lay eggs on land.
Female birds, and sometimes male birds, keep their eggs warm with their body heat.
This process is called incubation.
When baby birds are born, at least one parent feeds and cares for them.
All birds are terrestrial, but some spend a lot of time in water.
Each bird species eats its own type of food such as seeds, fruit, insects or other birds.
A bird’s mouth is covered by a hard beak.
The shape of the beak is appropriate for the type of food which the bird eats.
A PERCHING BIRDS
canary
D RUNNERS
ostrich
B FOWL
pheasant
E BIRDS OF PREY
eagle
C SWIMMING BIRDS
duck
F WADING BIRDS
heron
Describe birds. Birds are vertebrates. Their front limbs are … 17
18
■ CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Comprehension. Write the following sentences on the BB.
Ss copy them and choose the correct alternative.
1. The front limbs of a bird are the wings / legs.
2. The back limbs of a bird are the wings / legs.
3. Most / all birds can fly.
4. Female / male birds lay eggs.
5. Incubation is when parent birds keep their eggs warm / cold with their body heat.
6. All / some birds are terrestrial.
7. All / some birds spend a lot of time in water.
8. Birds have / do not have the same shape of beak.
Answers: 1. wings. 2. legs. 3. Most. 4. Female. 5. warm. 6. All.
7. Some. 8. do not have.
1
Content objectives: 1, 3, 7.
Language objectives: 3, 4, 5.
Vocabulary: beak, eggs, feathers, incubation, lungs, warm-blooded, wings
…wings. Their skin is covered with feathers. They are warm-blooded animals. They breathe through lungs.
Mobile of birds in flight
• Draw silhouettes of various birds in flight on white card. Swallows, seagulls, eagles, storks and vultures have distinctive silhouettes.
• Cut them out and tie a piece of thread to each.
• Tie them at various lengths on coat hangers to make a mobile.
■ Special attention
• Not all reptiles crawl. Some slither, swim, or walk or run on hind limbs.
■ Hands on
■ Presentation
• Ask Ss: Name some
reptiles you know. (crocodile, lizard, turtle, snake) Name the reptile groups.
(crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles)
• Present and with and .
• Ask: What is a cold-blooded animal?
(an animal whose body has the same temperature as its surroundings) What group does the iguana belong to?
(lizards) What group does the sea turtle belong to? (turtles)
• Ask: What reptile group has a shell? (turtles) What are the iguana’s scales like? (green) What is a snake’s body like? (long with no limbs) What are a crocodile’s legs like?
(short)
• Ss do the activity at the bottom of the page.
Activity Book, page 13.
➔ E
37 2 36
1 LOOK AND READ
■ CONTENT AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Comprehension. Ss read and listen to and . Then, without looking at their books, they copy and complete the sentences.
They check their answers by listening again to the CD recording.
oviparous / shell / scales / lungs / cold / legs / terrestrial / no 1. Reptiles are covered with hard …
2. Most reptiles are … but a few are aquatic.
3. Reptiles need external heat so they are … – blooded.
4. Reptiles breathe through their … 5. Reptiles are … The female lays eggs.
6. Lizards have four short … 7. Snakes have … limbs.
8. Turtles have a … to protect their bodies.
Answers: 1. scales. 2. terrestrial. 3. cold. 4. lungs. 5. oviparous.
6. legs. 7. no. 8. shell.
37 1 36
VERTEBRATES 17
LOOK AND READ
Reptiles
1. Reptiles
Most reptiles have a head, a trunk, limbs and a tail.
Their body is covered with hard scales.
Most reptiles are terrestrial, but a few are aquatic.
Reptiles cannot keep their body temperature constant when the outside temperature changes.
They need external heat, such as heat from the Sun.
For this reason, they are called cold-blooded animals.
All reptiles breathe through their lungs.
Aquatic reptiles, such as crocodiles and alligators, cannot remain underwater for long.
They come to the surface to breathe.
Reptiles are oviparous.
The female reptile lays many eggs.
Most reptiles are carnivorous.
2. Reptile groups
Reptiles can be classified into four groups:
•Crocodiles and alligators are very large reptiles.
They have four legs, and a body covered with hard scales.
They use their large teeth to capture their prey.
They spend a lot of time in water.
•Lizards are small terrestrial reptiles.
They have four very short legs.
They crawl.
•Most snakes live on land.
They have long bodies with no limbs.
They slither.
•Turtles have a shell to protect their body.
They can extend their head, legs and tail through openings in the shell.
Many turtles are aquatic.
However, they breathe air, and they lay their eggs on land.
Make more questions. Change the underlined words.
Do reptiles breathe through gills? Are snakes warm-blooded?
C SNAKES
M.A. Do snakes have legs? Are turtles aquatic? Do crocodiles have large teeth?
Content objectives: 1, 4, 7.
Language objectives: 1, 6.
Vocabulary: alligators, cold-blooded, crawl, lungs, oviparous, scales, slither, turtles
Lizards lie in the sun
• Place an umbrella in the sun.
Put an outdoor thermometer in the shade of the umbrella and another one in the sun. Write down the temperatures on both thermometers.
• Wait several hours then compare the temperatures on the two thermometers.
• Ask: Which thermometer shows the higher temperature (the one in the sun) Why do lizards spend a lot of time in the sun? (to keep warm)
45
■ Special attention
• Pronunciation of bony, cartilaginous
• Meaning of the word moist
■ Hands on
■ Presentation
• Say: Look at the pictures.
Ask: How do fish move? (they swim) What do they use to swim? (their fins and tails) Ask Ss to name some amphibians.
• Present with , , and , Show photographs of the metamorphosis of a frog: egg – a tadpole with a tail and gills which looks like a fish – tadpoles develop legs and lungs and lose their tails and gills – when the transformation is complete, the frogs come out of the water
• Explain that amphibians begin their lives in the water, where the females lay eggs.
Adult amphibians live on land, but depend on water.
Activity Book, pages 14, 15.
➔
LOOK AND READ
18 VERTEBRATES
1. Fish
Fish have a head, a trunk and a tail. A fish’s body is covered with thin, shiny scales. Fish live in water, and use their fins to swim.
Fish breathe through gills located on the sides of the head.
They take in oxygen from water.
Fish are oviparous. Female fish lay their eggs in the water.
Baby fish are born from the eggs.
2. Fish groups
Fish can be classified into two groups:
•Bony fish. They have skeletons made of bones.
Some live in the sea, but others live in rivers and lakes.
Sardines and salmon are bony fish.
•Cartilaginous fish. They have skeletons made of cartilage.
They live in the sea. Sharks are cartilaginous fish.
3. Amphibians
Amphibians have a head, a trunk and limbs.
Some have tails. They can live on land, but they stay in, or near, water to keep their skin moist.
Amphibians are oviparous. The female lays eggs in ponds or rivers.
As young amphibians grow, their appearance changes completely.
4. Amphibian groups
Amphibians can be classified into two groups:
•Amphibians without tails, such as frogs, have a wide body.
They have long, strong back legs which they use for jumping.
They catch their prey with their long tongue.
•Amphibians with tails, such as salamanders, have a long body and four limbs. All four limbs are approximately the same length.