ELABORACIÓN DE LA BASE DE DATOS EN EL ÁREA DEL RIESGOS

In this thesis all numerical simulations were performed with a prescribed wake convection speed. No wake deformations due to self-influence were taken into account. It is recommended to repeat the validation of the panel method with the same set of experimental data and allowance for the wake to deform. Such simulations might reduce, or even remove, the small pressure differences at the trailing edge upper and lower sides due to a better handling of the Kutta condition.

5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS 91 other turbine components are present. It is recommended to include other components of the MEXICO wind turbine. For example the hub, nacelle or tower. Those simulations might allow to see the effects of a full modelled turbine.

Both, the MEXICO and New MEXICO experiments generated a considerable amount of cases with diverse conditions and situations, therefore, the selection of other cases to be simulated is recommended, for example, in the New MEXICO database a standstill run was performed, that could be an interesting case for the multilevel panel method to simulate and see the effects on the twisted blade.

The multilevel panel method tool has proven to be an excellent tool for the simulation of aerody- namic cases. A recommendation for the code itself from the users point of view is related to the way in which the angular rotation is implemented. Since it require the transformation form one quantity to another (from rpm to degrees), therefore it will be useful to have the opportunity to define the rotation, either in angular velocity or degrees travelled for time instance.

References

[1] B. Sanderse, S.P. van der Pijl, and B. Koren. Review of computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine wake aerodynamics. Wind Energy, 17(April 2013):657–669, 2014.

[2] E. Ehlers and T. Krafft. Earth System Science in the Anthropocene. Berlin, 2006.

[3] G. Hansen and D. Stone. Assessing the observed impact of anthropogenic climate change.

Nature Climate Change, 6(5):532–537, 2015.

[4] N. L. Bindoff, P. A. Stott, K. M. AchutaRao, M. R. Allen, N. Gillett, D. Gutzler, K. Hansingo, G. Hegerl, Y. Hu, S. Jain, I. I. Mokhov, J. Overland, J. Perlwitz, R. Sebbari, and X. Zhang. Detection and Attribution of Climate Change: from Global to Regional.Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia,, pages 1217–1308, 2013.

[5] M. Du, S. Kawashima, S. Yonemura, X. Zhang, and S. Chen. Mutual influence between human activities and climate change in the Tibetan Plateau during recent years. Global and Planetary Change, 41(3-4):241–249, 2004.

[6] Union of Concerned Scientists the planet’s temperature is rising. http://www.ucsusa.org/ global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/temperature-is-rising#.WbFbca2B234. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[7] M. E. Mann, S. Rahmstorf, B. A. Steinman, M. Tingley, and S. K. Miller. The Likelihood of Recent Record Warmth. Scientific Reports, 6(1):19831, 2016.

[8] T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, Bex V., and Midgley(eds.) P.M. IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 1542:33–36, 2015.

[9] National centers of environmental information global climate report - annual 2016. https: //www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201613. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[10] National centers of environmental information assessing the global climate in january 2017. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-climate-201701. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[11] NOAA/NWS-3. FEBRUARY 2010: Snowmageddon, Blizzard of 2010 WINTER: Unprece- dented Snowfall Impacts Region. (February):1–2, 2010.

[12] J. Cook, N. Oreskes, P. T. Doran, W. R. L. Anderegg, B. Verheggen, Ed. W. Maibach, J. S. Carlton, S. Lewandowsky, A. G. Skuce, S. A. Green, D. Nuccitelli, P. Jacobs, M. Richardson, B. Winkler, R. Painting, and K. Rice. Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming. Environmental Research Letters, 11(4):048002, 2016.

[13] United States Environmental Protection Agency overview of greenhouse gases. https://www. epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[14] Popular science the top ten greenhouse gases. http://www.popsci.com/environment/ article/2009-03/top-ten-greenhouse-gases#page-11. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[15] Thought Co 10 worst greenhouse gases. https://www.thoughtco.com/ worst-greenhouse-gases-606789. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[16] One Green Planet methane vs. carbon dioxide: A greenhouse gas showdown. http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/ methane-vs-carbon-dioxide-a-greenhouse-gas-showdown/. Accessed: 2010-09-30. [17] Skeptical Science what is methane’s contribution to global warming? https://www.

skepticalscience.com/methane-and-global-warming.htm. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[18] EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency understand- ing global warming potentials. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/ understanding-global-warming-potentials#Learn%20why/. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[19] P. U. Clark, J. D. Shakun, S. A. Marcott, A. C. Mix, M. Eby, S. Kulp, A. Levermann, G. A. Milne, P. L. Pfister, B. D. Santer, D. P. Schrag, S. Solomon, T. F. Stocker, B. H. Strauss, A. J. Weaver, R. Winkelmann, D. Archer, E. Bard, A. Goldner, K. Lambeck, R. T. Pierrehumbert, and G.-K. Plattner. Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change. Nature Climate Change, 6(4):360–369, 2016.

[20] C. Mora, B. Dousset, I. R. Caldwell, F. E. Powell, R. C. Geronimo, C. R. Bielecki, C. W. W. Counsell, B. S. Dietrich, E. T. Johnston, L.V. Louis, M. P. Lucas, M. M. McKenzie, A. G. Shea, H. Tseng, T. W. Giambelluca, L. R. Leon, E. Hawkins, and C. Trauernicht. Global risk of deadly heat. Nature Climate Change, 7(7):501–506, 2017.

[21] R. A. Silva, J. J. West, J.-F. Lamarque, D. T. Shindell, W. J. Collins, G. Faluvegi, G. A. Folberth, L. W. Horowitz, T. Nagashima, V. Naik, S. T. Rumbold, K. Sudo, T. Takemura, D. Bergmann, P. Cameron-Smith, R. M. Doherty, B. Josse, I. A. MacKenzie, D. S. Stevenson, and G. Zeng. Future global mortality from changes in air pollution attributable to climate change. Nature Climate Change, (July):1–6, 2017.

[22] M. E. Mann, R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(6):759–762, 1999.

REFERENCES 95 [23] J. J. Wiens. Climate-Related Local Extinctions Are Already Widespread among Plant and

Animal Species. PLoS Biology, 14(12):1–18, 2016.

[24] A. E. Hogg and G. H. Gudmundsson. Impacts of the Larsen-C Ice Shelf calving event. Nature Climate Change, 7(8):540–542, 2017.

[25] F. S´evellec, Al. V. Fedorov, and W. Liu. Arctic sea-ice decline weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Nature Climate Change, 7(8):604–610, 2017.

[26] S. Henders, U. M. Persson, and T. Kastner. Trading forests: land-use change and carbon emissions embodied in production and exports of forest-risk commodities. Environmental Research Letters, 10(12):125012, 2015.

[27] Union of Concerned Scientists. Cattle, Cleared Forests, and Climate Change. Scoring America’s Top Brands on Their Deforestation-Free Beef Commitments and Practices. (September):18, 2016.

[28] D. Brack, Ad. Glover, and L. Wellesley. Agricultural Commodity Supply Chains: Trade, Consumption and Deforestation. (January):1–80, 2016.

[29] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations livestock a major threat to envi- ronment. http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/News/2006/1000448/index.html. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[30] World Watch. What if the key actors in climate change are . . . cows , pigs , and chickens ?

World Watch, (December):10–19, 2009.

[31] S. R. Weart. The Discovery of Global Warming. 2003.

[32] A. P. Schurer, M. E. Mann, E. Hawkins, S. F. B. Tett, and G. C. Hegerl. Importance of the pre-industrial baseline for likelihood of exceeding Paris goals. Nature Climate Change, 7(8):563–567, 2017.

[33] United Nations. Kyoto Protocol To the United Nations Framework Kyoto Protocol To the United Nations Framework.Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 7:214–217, 1998.

[34] UNFCCC. Conference of the Parties (COP). Paris Climate Change Conference-November 2015, COP 21. Adoption of the Paris Agreement. Proposal by the President., 21932(Decem- ber):32, 2015.

[35] G. P. Peters and O. Geden. Catalysing a political shift from low to negative carbon. Nature Climate Change, 2017.

[36] Drawdown kernel description. http://www.drawdown.org/solutions-summary-by-rank. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[37] A. W. Sch¨afer, A. D. Evans, T. G. Reynolds, and L. Dray. Costs of mitigating CO2 emissions from passenger aircraft. Nature Climate Change, 6(4):412–417, 2015.

[38] Global Wind Energy Council wind in numbers. http://gwec.net/global-figures/ wind-in-numbers/. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[39] J. K. Kaldellis and D. Zafirakis. The wind energy (r)evolution: A short review of a long history. Renewable Energy, 36(7):1887–1901, 2011.

[40] Dodge, D.M. wind power–an illustrated history of its development. http://www.telosnet. com/wind/. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[41] J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan, and A. L. Rogers. Wind energy explained: theory, design and application. 2009.

[42] Global Wind Energy Council. Global Wind Report; Annual Market Update 206.

[43] Energy Institute at The University of Texas at Austin. Executive Summary : The Full Cost of Electricity.

[44] F. M. Orr. Addressing Climate Change with Clean Energy Technology. ACS Energy Letters, 1(1):113–114, 2016.

[45] The European Wind Energy Association EWEA wind energy’s frequently asked questions. http://www.ewea.org/wind-energy-basics/faq/. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[46] V. ˇStorch. 3D panel methods for turbomachinery design. 1962.

[47] Symscape Computational Fluid Dynamics Software for all why use a panel method? http: //www.symscape.com/blog/why_use_panel_method. Accessed: 2010-09-30.

[48] A. van Garrel. Multilevel Panel Method for Wind Turbine Rotor Flow Simulations. 2017. [49] L. Hess and A.M.O. Smith. Calculation of potential flow about arbitrary three-dimensional

lifting bodies. Journal of Ship research, pages 1–166, 1972.

[50] B. Maskew. Prediction of Subsonic Aerodynamic Characteristics: A Case for Low Order Panel Methods, Journal of Aircraft, 19(2):157– 163, 1982. 1982.

[51] C.H. Venner and A.A. Lubrecht. Multilevel Methods in Lubrication. Vol. 37 of edition, 2007. [52] J. G. Schepers, A. J. Brand, A. Bruining, J. M. R. Graham, M. M. Hand, D. G. Infield, H. A.

Madsen, R. J. H. Paynter, and D. A. Simms. Final report of IEA Annex XIV: Field Rotor Aerodynamics. (May):104, 1997.

[53] J.G. Schepers, A.J. Brand, and A. Bruining. Final report of IEA Annex XVIII : ’Enhanced Field Rotor Aerodynamics Database’. (February):353, 2002.

[54] S. Schreck. December 2008 IEA Wind Annex XX HAWT Aerodynamics and Models Final Report. (December):91, 2008.

[55] T. Wang. A brief review on wind turbine aerodynamics. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters, 2(6):062001, 2012.

REFERENCES 97