6 DISEÑO DEL MÉTODO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
6.4 Desarrollo del modelo de simulación
6.4.2 Elaboración de modelo escenario real
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
6\QFKURWURQEDVHGVPDOO$QJOH;UD\6FDWWHULQJ6$;6
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
9LFWRULDDQGFXUUHQWO\KDVQLQHEHDPOLQHVWDWLRQV,PDJLQJDQG0HGLFDOEHDPOLQHLQIUDUHG PLFURVSHFWURVFRS\ WHUDKHUW]IDULQIUDUHG PDFURPROHFXODU FU\VWDOORJUDSK\ SRZGHU GLIIUDFWLRQ VPDOO DQG ZLGH DQJOH ;UD\ VFDWWHULQJ 6$;6:$;6 ;UD\ DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWURVFRS\DQG;UD\IOXRUHVFHQFHPLFURVFRS\7KHVPDOODQJOH;UD\VFDWWHULQJ6$;6 EHDPOLQHKDVEHHQXVHGIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRIFROODJHQVWUXFWXUHLQWKLVSURMHFW
6$;6 LV DEOH WR SURYLGH VWUXFWXUDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ FRPSOH[ PDWHULDOV WKURXJK REVHUYLQJ GLIIUDFWLRQSDWWHUQVZKHQXWLOLVLQJDKLJKLQWHQVLW\XQGXODWRUVRXUFH(57)6$;6FDQSURYLGH
LQIRUPDWLRQ DW H[WUHPHO\ KLJK UHVROXWLRQV DQG KDV EHHQ VKRZQ SUHYLRXVO\ WR EH XVHIXO IRU GHWHUPLQLQJFROODJHQVWUXFWXUHDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQDQXPEHURIELRPDWHULDOV)RUH[DPSOH 6$;6KDVEHHQXVHGWRVXFFHVVIXOO\VWXG\WKHFROODJHQVWUXFWXUHLQOHDWKHUVDPSOHV19, 57- 59WHQGRQ17, 60-62FDUWLODJH63-65ERQH66-68DQGSHULFDUGLXP69, 70
7KH EDVLF OD\RXW DQG FRPSRQHQW SDUWV RI WKH 6$;6 EHDPOLQH LQRUGHU IURP WRS WRERWWRP IURPWKHUDGLDWLRQVRXUFHRUVWRUDJHULQJDUHVKRZQLQWKHILJXUHEHORZ
FIGURE 5)/2:&+$576+2:,1*7+(&20321(173$5762)$6$;6%($0/,1()520 81'8/$7256285&(7+528*+72'(7(&725 7KHWRSRUIURQWHQGRIWKHPDLQEHDPOLQHLVGHVLJQHGWRSURWHFWWKHXOWUDKLJKYDFXXPRIWKH VWRUDJH ULQJ DQG DOVR GHOLYHU V\QFKURWURQ UDGLDWLRQ WR WKH EHDP OLQH FKDPEHUV 5DGLDWLRQ HQWHUVWKHEHDPOLQHIURPWKHVWRUDJHULQJWRWKHXQGXODWRU$QXQGXODWRULVDVHULHVRIGLSROH PDJQHWV ZKLFK IRUFHV WKH LQFRPLQJ SDUWLFOHV WR RVFLOODWH UDGLDWLQJ HQHUJ\ LQ FRQFHQWUDWHG
5DGLDWLRQVRXUFH 8QGXODWRU 'HILQLQJ$SHUWXUHDQG 7KHUPDO$EVRUEHU 5DGLDWLRQ6KXWWHU 6WRUDJH5LQJ6KLHOG :DOO %HDPVOLWV 'RXEOH&U\VWDO 0RQRFKURPDWRU %HDPVOLWV 5DGLDWLRQ6KXWWHU +RUL]RQWDODQG9HUWLFDO PLUURUV %HDPVOLWVDQWLVFDWWHU VOLWVDQG*XDUGVOLWV 6$03/( 6PDOO$QJOH'HWHFWRU +:HOOV
QDUURZEHDP7KHEHDPWKHQWUDYHOVWKURXJKWKHGHILQLQJDSHUWXUHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVL]HRI WKHEHDPDQGWKHWKHUPDODEVRUEHUVZKLFKDUHGHVLJQHGWRSURWHFWWKHEHDPOLQHFKDPEHUV E\DEVRUELQJXSWRRIWKHV\QFKURWURQUDGLDWLRQSRZHUJHQHUDWHGE\WKHPDJQHWV71
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
FU\VWDOV ZKLOH WKH\ DUH SDUDOOHO WR HDFK RWKHU YDU\LQJ WKH %UDJJ DQJOH )URP WKH PRQRFKURPDWRUWKHEHDPWUDYHOVWKURXJKPRUHVSOLWVDQGVKXWWHUVWRWKHVDPSOH:KHQWKH EHDPKLWVWKHVDPSOH;UD\VDUHGLIIUDFWHGDQGRUUHIOHFWHGDQGWKRVHWKDWWUDYHOWKURXJKWKH VDPSOH DQG DUH FROOHFWHG DW WKH GHWHFWRU ,W LV SRVVLEOH WR VWXG\ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI PROHFXOHV DQ\ZKHUHIURP±QPLQVL]HXVLQJ6$;6PDNLQJLWDQLGHDOWRROWRVWXG\WKHFRPSOH[ KLHUDUFKLFDOVWUXFWXUHRIFROODJHQ %HORZLVDVLPSOLILHG6$;6H[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRIOHDWKHU$VLPLODUVHWXS ZDVXVHGIRU$'0DQGSHULFDUGLXP FIGURE 6:7+(6$;6(;3(5,0(17$/6(783)25$1$/<6,1*/($7+(53$5$//(/$1' 3(53(1',&8/$5727+(*5$,1685)$&($6,0,/$56(783:$686(')25$'0$1' 3(5,&$5',80 +:HOOV
6PDOODQJOH;UD\VFDWWHULQJ6$;6LVDWHFKQLTXHWKDWLVEDVHGDURXQGWKHGLIIUDFWLRQRID PRQRFKURPDWLF;UD\EHDPXSRQWKHLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKDVDPSOH6$;6ZDVGHYHORSHGLQWKH HDUO\WKFHQWXU\ZKHUH$*XLQLHUGHYHORSHGDPHWKRGWRUHWULHYHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVL]HV DQGVKDSHVRISDUWLFOHVLQODWWLFHVDVZHOODVWKHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIGLVRUGHUHGDQGSDUWLDOO\ RUGHUHG VWUXFWXUHV73:KHQ;UD\V DUHILUHG DW DVDPSOHPRVW ZLOO SDVV WKURXJKZLWKQR
LQWHUDFWLRQ KRZHYHU VRPH ZLOO EH GLIIUDFWHG WKHVH DUH FROOHFWHG DQG XVHG WR IRUP D VFDWWHULQJ SDWWHUQ WKDW FRQWDLQV LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH PROHFXODU VWUXFWXUH RI WKH VDPSOH LQFOXGLQJSRUHVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQDQGVKDSH
FIGURE 7:7+(',))5$&7,212);5$<6:+(13$66,1*7+528*+$/$77,&(Ĭ 6&$77(5,1*$1*/(ȁ ,1&,'(17:$9(/(1*7+
)RU6$;6WKHVFDWWHULQJSDWWHUQLVUHFRUGHGDWYHU\ORZDQJOHVW\SLFDOIURP±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ൌ ͶɎ ሺɅሻ Ȁɉ
:KHUH ș LV GHILQHG DVWKH VFDWWHULQJ DQJOH DQG Ȝ LV WKH ZDYHOHQJWK RI WKH LQFLGHQW ;UD\ EHDP
ș
Ȝ
'LIIUDFWHG ;UD\V ;UD\VSDVVLQJ WKURXJKVDPSOH +:HOOVFIGURE 8:0(5,',21$/$1'(48$725,$/6&$77(5,1*)520$6$03/(&217$,1,1*:(// 25,(17$7('&2//$*(1),%5,/6
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
VSDFLQJ DQG RULHQWDWLRQ LQGH[ LV GLVFXVVHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO LQ WKH DSSURSULDWH SURFHHGLQJ FKDSWHUV
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
FIGURE 9:$$16(0,0$*(7$.(12)7+((17,5(&52666(&7,21$/6758&785(2)$ %29,1(/($7+(56$03/(6+2:,1*7+(&2//$*(16758&785(%81'/(6,=($1'29(5$// 6758&785(,69,6,%/(+2:(9(57+(),%5,/6$5(72260$//$77+,60$*1,),&$7,21 6&$/(%$5,600%$16(07$.(1$7$08&++,*+(50$*1,),&$7,212)%29,1( /($7+(5%27+&2//$*(1),%5,/$1'%81'/(6758&785(6&$1%(6((16&$/(%$5,6 0 +:HOOV
FIGURE 10:(;$03/(6 2) ,0$*(6 $&+,(9(' 86,1*7(0 2) &2//$*(1 :,7+,1 $ /($7+(5 6$03/(7+( ),*85( 21 7+( /()7 ,6 $1 (;$03/( 2) $1 ,0$*( 7$.(1 (1'21 72 7+( ),%5,/6 )520 :+,&+ 7+( ),%5,/ ',$0(7(5 &$1 %( 2%6(59('7+( ),*85( 21 7+( 5,*+7 6+2:6 $1 ,0$*( 7$.(1 3(53(1',&8/$5 72 7+( /21* $;,6 2) 7+( &2//$*(1 ),%5,/6 )520:+,&+'63$&,1*&$1%(2%6(59('6&$/(%$5,610
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
FIGURE 11:$ 6&+(0$7,& '(021675$7,1* 7+( %$6,& ,'($ 2) +2: 8/75$6281' &$1 %( 86(' 72 '(7(&7 )/$:6 68&+ $6 $,5 *$36 ,1 $ 0$7(5,$/ )25 121'(6758&7,9( 7(67,1*
6RXQGZDYHVDUHWUDQVPLWWHGIURPWKHWUDQVGXFHUDQGWUDYHOWKURXJKWKHPDWHULDOZKLFKFDQ EHDVROLGOLTXLGRUJDVDWDVSHFLILFYHORFLW\ZDYHOHQJWKDQGIUHTXHQF\7KHVRXQGZDYHV ZLOO FRQWLQXH WKURXJK WKH PDWHULDO XQWLO WKH\ HQFRXQWHU D FKDQJH LQ PDWHULDO GHQVLW\ RU PHGLXPLQGLFDWLQJDIODZ:KHQWKLVRFFXUVVRPHRIWKHZDYHVDUHUHIOHFWHGEDFNWKURXJK WKH PDWHULDO WRWKH UHFHLYHUWUDQVGXFHU WREH LQWHUSUHWHG E\ VRIWZDUH WRJLYH LQIRUPDWLRQRQ WKHVL]HDQGGHSWKRIWKHIODZ
$QRWKHU XVH RI XOWUDVRXQG LVIRUPHGLFDO DQGYHWHULQDU\ LPDJLQJ DOVRNQRZQDVGLDJQRVWLF VRQRJUDSK\ RU XOWUDVRQRJUDSK\ 8OWUDVRXQG LV XVHG IRU D ZLGH UDQJH RI DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ WKH PHGLFDOYHWHULQDU\ILHOGDQGFDQEHXVHGIRULPDJLQJDQGUHDOWLPHYLVXDODQDO\VLVRILQWHUQDO ERG\VWUXFWXUHVUDQJLQJIURPLQWHUQDORUJDQVWHQGRQVMRLQWVPXVFOHVYHVVHOVDQGVNLQ
)RU WKH DQDO\VLV RI OHDWKHU D VNLQ VFDQQHU XOWUDVRXQG SUHVHQWHG WKH UHTXLUHG UDQJH RI IUHTXHQFLHVDQGVHWWLQJVWKDWFRXOGEHDGMXVWHGIRUWKHXVHRQOHDWKHUWKHUHIRUHDUDQJHRI VNLQXOWUDVRQLFGHYLFHVZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHGIRUSXUFKDVH7KHJHQHUDOIHDWXUHVDQGVHWXSRID VNLQXOWUDVRXQGGHYLFHLVGLVFXVVHGIXUWKHUEHORZ
Ultrasound components and set-up
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
3XOVHU5HFHLYHU
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
WLVVXHVIRUWKLVUHVHDUFKLVVKRZQLQILJXUH&RUWH[7HFKQRORJ\'HQPDUN
7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWWUDQVGXFHUVHWXSVWKDWFDQEHXVHGLQXOWUDVRQLFWHVWLQJ7KHWZRPRVW FRPPRQ DUH WKH SXOVHHFKR WHFKQLTXH DQG WKH WKURXJK WUDQVPLVVLRQ WHFKQLTXH ,Q SXOVH HFKRPRGHWKHWUDQVGXFHUFDUULHVRXWERWKWKHVHQGLQJDQGUHFHLYLQJRIWKHVRXQGZDYHV 7KH XOWUDVRXQG SODWIRUP WKHQ PHDVXUHV WKH WLPH RI IOLJKW RI WKH VRXQG ZDYHV WKURXJK D PDWHULDODQGWKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHUHFHLYHGVLJQDO3XOVHHFKRVHWXSFDQEHPRUHXVHIXOIRU KLJKGHQVLW\PDWHULDOPDWHULDOWKDWLVWRRWKLFNIRUWKHVLJQDOWRSDVVWKHHQWLUHZD\WKURXJK RUIRULQVLWXWHVWLQJZKHUHLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRSODFHWKHUHFHLYHURQWKHUHFHLYLQJVLGHRIWKH PDWHULDO EHLQJ WHVWHG LH LQ VNLQ DQDO\VLV RQ D SDWLHQW ,Q WKURXJK WUDQVPLVVLRQ PRGH D WUDQVPLWWHUVHQGVXOWUDVRXQGZDYHVWKURXJKDPDWHULDODQGDVHSDUDWHUHFHLYHUFROOHFWVWKH UHVXOWLQJ VLJQDOV RQ WKH RWKHU VLGH RI WKH PDWHULDO WKHUHIRUH WZR SUREHV DUH UHTXLUHG ,PSHUIHFWLRQVZLWKLQWKHPDWHULDOFDQDIIHFWWKHDPRXQWRIVRXQGWKDWWUDQVPLWVWKURXJKWKH PDWHULDO ZKLFK LV GHWHFWHG E\ WKH UHFHLYHU DQG WKXV HQDEOHV IODZV RU VWUXFWXUHV ZLWKLQ D PDWHULDO WR EH LGHQWLILHG 7KH WHFKQLTXH XVHG LV EDVHG PDLQO\ RQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH PDWHULDOEHLQJWHVWHGDQGWKHGHVLUHGRXWSXWV'XHWRWKHKLJKGHQVLW\SURSHUWLHVRIOHDWKHU DQG$'0PDWHULDOVZHXVHGSXOVHHFKRWUDQVGXFHUVHWXS
FIGURE 12:3+2722)7+(75$16'8&(5352%(86(')257+($1$/<6,621/($7+(5$1'
$'00$7(5,$/67+,675$16'8&(5:$6385&+$6('$/21*:,7+7+('(50$6&$1&86% '(9,&()520&257(;7(&+12/2*,(6,1'(10$5.
7KHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVRIDWUDQVGXFHUSUREHLQFOXGHWKHDFWLYHHOHPHQWEDFNLQJDQGZHDU SODWH
7KH DFWLYH HOHPHQW LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI D WUDQVGXFHU ,W LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU ERWK JHQHUDWLQJ DQ HOHFWULF ILHOG DFFRUGLQJ WR D PHFKDQLFDO GHIRUPDWLRQ GLUHFW HIIHFW DQG JHQHUDWLQJDPHFKDQLFDOGHIRUPDWLRQRUGLPHQVLRQFKDQJHGXHWRDQHOHFWULFILHOGLQYHUVH HIIHFW LQ XOWUDVRXQG DSSOLFDWLRQV 76 $FWLYH HOHPHQWV DUH SLH]RHOHFWULF PDWHULDOV WKDW DUH
HLWKHUQDWXUDORUV\QWKHWLFDOO\PDGHDQGFDQLQFOXGHYDULRXVFU\VWDOVFHUDPLFVDQGSRO\PHUV &HUDPLFVDUHPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHGDVWKH\JHQHUDOO\SUHVHQWEHWWHUSLH]RHOHFWULFSURSHUWLHV DQGFDQEHPRUHHDVLO\ PDQXIDFWXUHGLQWRYDULRXVVKDSHVDQGVL]HV776RPHFRPPRQO\
XVHGFHUDPLFVLQFOXGHOHDG]LUFRQDWHWLWDQDWHOHDGWLWDQDWHDQGEDULXPWLWDQDWH 782YHU
UHFHQW\HDUVSLH]RSRO\PHUVDQGFRPSRVLWHVKDYHDOVREHHQLQWURGXFHGDQGDUHEHFRPLQJ PRUH FRPPRQ DV DFWLYH HOHPHQWV LQ SLH]RHOHFWULF WUDQVGXFHUV 7KHVH SRO\PHUV LQFOXGH 39')DQG39')7U)(79,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGZDYHOHQJWKLQDWUDQVGXFHUWKH
DFWLYHHOHPHQWVKRXOGEHFXWWRDWKLFNQHVVRIòWKDWZDYHOHQJWK7780
7KHZHDUSODWHVLWVLQIURQWRIWKHDFWLYHHOHPHQWWRSURWHFWLWIURPWKHHQYLURQPHQW6LQFHLW DFWVDVDSURWHFWLYHPDWHULDOLWPXVWEHGXUDEOHDQGQRQFRUURVLYH,QVRPHFDVHVVXFKDVLQ
LPPHUVLRQ WUDQVGXFHUV WKH ZHDU SODWH KDV DQ DGGLWLRQDO PDWFKLQJ OD\HU ZKLFK DOVR VLWV EHWZHHQDFWLYHHOHPHQWDQGWKHH[WHUQDOVXUIDFHWRZKLFKWKHWUDQVGXFHULVLQFRQWDFWZLWK ZDWHUWHVWREMHFWHWF807KHPDWFKLQJOD\HULVGHVLJQHGZLWKDFRXVWLFDOLPSHGDQFHWR
DOORZWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIHQHUJ\IURPWKHDFWLYHHOHPHQWWRWKHORDGRUVDPSOHZLWKWKHOHDVW SRVVLEOHORVVRIHQHUJ\817KHPDWFKLQJOD\HULVGHVLJQHGZLWKDWKLFNQHVVWKDWLVóWKHRI
ZDYHOHQJWKUHTXLUHGLQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHWKHRSWLPDOLPSHGDQFHPDWFK,IDWUDQVGXFHULVQRW GHVLJQHG ZLWK FDUH DQG WKH WKLFNQHVV RI WKH ZHDU SODWH LV VOLJKWO\ ZURQJ ZKHQ WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQWWKHZDYHOHQJWKWKHVRXQGZDYHVZLOOQRWEHLQSKDVH7KLVZRXOGFDXVHDGLVUXSWLRQ LQWKHZDYHIURQWDQGUHVXOWLQSRRUTXDOLW\VFDQV80
$V WKH QDPH VXJJHVWV WKH EDFNLQJ LV ORFDWHG RQ WKH EDFN HQG RI WKH DFWLYH HOHPHQW ,W LV GHVLJQHGWRGDPSHQDQGFRQWUROWKHPHFKDQLFDOYLEUDWLRQVRIWKHWUDQVGXFHUWRDGHVLUDEOH OHYHO 81 ,W GRHVWKLV E\ DEVRUELQJ WKH HQHUJ\ ZKLFK UDGLDWHV IURP WKH EDFN RI WKH DFWLYH
HOHPHQWRIWKHWUDQVGXFHU0DWFKLQJWKHDFRXVWLFLPSHGDQFHRI WKHEDFNLQJPDWHULDOWRWKH DFWLYHHOHPHQWUHVXOWVLQDJRRGUDQJHRIUHVROXWLRQVEHLQJDFFRPSOLVKHGE\WKHWUDQVGXFHU EXW FDQ SRWHQWLDOO\ ORZHU WKH VLJQDO DPSOLWXGH 80 7KH EDFNLQJ PDWHULDO LV QHHGV WR EH
GHQVHDQGKLJKO\DWWHQXDWLYHZLWKWKHPRVWFRPPRQPDWHULDOWRXVHEHLQJDPL[WXUHRIUHVLQ HSR[\DQGWXQJVWHQSRZGHU81
3UHDPSOLILHU
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
'DWDFROOHFWLRQ,PDJH'LVSOD\
$Q LPDJH GLVSOD\ XQLW FDQ EH SDUW RI WKH SODWIRUP RU D VHSDUDWH FRPSXWHU 7KHUH DUH D QXPEHURIIRUPDWVWRSUHVHQWWKHFROOHFWHGGDWDLQDQXOWUDVRXQGV\VWHP7KHPRVWFRPPRQ
IRUPDWV DUH WKH $VFDQ DQG %VFDQ GLVSOD\V (DFK IRUPDW SUHVHQWV WKH GDWD GLIIHUHQWO\ DOORZLQJ WKH REVHUYHU WR YLHZ DQG DQDO\VH VSHFLILF SDUDPHWHUV ,W LV SRVVLEOH IRU VRPH V\VWHPVWRGLVSOD\PRUHWKDQRQHRUDOOIRUPDWVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\
$Q $VFDQ SURILOH SUHVHQWV WKH VWUHQJWK RI WKH UHFHLYHG VLJQDO DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WLPH RU SRVLWLRQ7KLVIRUPDWLVDEOHWRSURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVLJQDODPSOLWXGHDQGWLPHRIIOLJKW DWDVSHFLILFDUHDRQWKHWHVWPDWHULDODQGWKHUHIRUHFDQEHXVHGWRJLYHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH VL]HDQGSRVLWLRQGHSWKRIDQ\GLVFRQWLQXLWLHV82$Q$VFDQLVRQHGLPHQVLRQDOFUHDWLQJD
OLQH SURILOH RI UHIOHFWLRQ VWUHQJWK UHFHLYHG IURP WKH VXUIDFH WKURXJK WR WKH PD[LPXP SHQHWUDWLRQ GHSWK DW D VSHFLILF SRLQW RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH PDWHULDO 7KH PD[LPXP SHQHWUDWLRQGHSWKLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHDWWHQXDWLRQZLWKLQWKHPDWHULDODQGWKHWHFKQLFDOVHW XS DQG VHWWLQJV XVHG 5HIOHFWLRQ VWUHQJWK LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ FKDQJHV LQ GHQVLW\ ZLWKLQ WKH PDWHULDO &KDQJHV LQ GHQVLW\ UHSUHVHQW IODZV JDSV DQG GLVFRQWLQXLWLHV ZLWKLQ D PDWHULDO LQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUH
$%6FDQSURILOHLVFRPSRVHGRIDQXPEHURI$VFDQOLQHVWRIRUPDFURVVVHFWLRQDOLPDJH 7KLVSURYLGHVDFURVVVHFWLRQDOSURILOHRIDWHVWPDWHULDO+HUHWKHWLPHRIIOLJKWRIVRXQGLV SORWWHG YHUVH WKH OLQHDU SRVLWLRQ RI WKH WUDQVGXFHU RQ WKH PDWHULDO 7KLV FDQ WKHUHIRUH GHWHUPLQH WKH DSSUR[LPDWH SODQDU SRVLWLRQ DQG VL]H RI FKDQJHV LQ GHQVLW\ UHSUHVHQWLQJ IODZVDVZHOODVWKHLUGHSWKLQDPDWHULDO
Dermascan C USB Device
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
$ 'HUPDVFDQ & 86% ZDV SXUFKDVHG IRU UHVHDUFK DORQJ ZLWK WZR FRPSDWLEOH ' SUREH KHDGVIURP&RUWH[7HFKQRORJLHVRQHEHLQJD0+]SUREHDQGWKHRWKHUD0+]%RWK SUREHVDUHFDSDEOHRIQHDUUHDOWLPHVFDQQLQJWDNLQJIUDPHVSHUVHFRQG)RUVNLQWKH 0+] SUREH KDV DQ D[LDO DQG ODWHUDO UHVROXWLRQ RI [ P UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZLWK D
SHQHWUDWLRQGHSWKRIPP7KH0+]KDVDKLJKHUUHVROXWLRQRI[PEXWRQO\PP SHQHWUDWLRQ %HFDXVH RI WKH VKRUW UDQJH RI WKH 0+] SUREH WKLV ZDVQ¶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able 1.&DOLEUDWLRQYDOXHVDQGVRXQGYHORFLWLHVFDOFXODWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVRXQGYHORFLW\ WKURXJKOHDWKHUIRUWKH0+]SUREH Velocity air (m/s) Thickness of leather (mm) Width of leather in image (mm) Velocity, leather (m/s) 1580 0.48 0.75 2468.75 0.5 0.8 2528.00 0.515 0.8 2454.37 0.46 0.8 2747.83 0.45 0.75 2633.33 0.46 0.738 2534.87 Average 2561.19 St dev 99.45 7KHYHORFLW\LQOHDWKHUDERYHZDVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHHTXDWLRQ ܵݑ݊݀ݒ݈݁ܿ݅ݐݕ݈݅݊݁ܽݐ݄݁ݎ ൌ ܵݑ݊݀ݒ݈݁ܿ݅ݐݕ݅݊ܽ݅ݎ ൈܹ݅݀ݐ݄݂݈݁ܽݐ݄݁ݎ݅݊݅݉ܽ݃݁ ݄ܶ݅ܿ݇݊݁ݏݏ݂݈݁ܽݐ݄݁ݎ 7KHD[LDOUHVROXWLRQZDVWKHQGHWHUPLQHGIURP Ͳߤ݉ ൈͳͷͺͲ݉Ȁݏ ʹͷͳ݉Ȁݏൌ ͻߤ݉ 7KHODWHUDOUHVROXWLRQLVGHWHUPLQHGIURPWKHSUREHGHVLJQDQGGRHVQRWFKDQJH7KHUHIRUH WKHUHVROXWLRQSRVVLEOHZKHQVFDQQLQJOHDWKHUZLWKWKH0+]SUREHZDV[P 7KH 'HUPDVFDQ SUREHV KDYH DQ LQWHUQDO ZDWHU FKDPEHU WR UHGXFH DWWHQXDWLRQ ZKLFK LV FRQWDLQHGXVLQJDGLVSRVDEOHZDWHUEDUULHUVXSSOLHGE\&RUWH[7HFKQRORJLHV7KHEDUULHULVD GHVLJQHG SODVWLF ILOP PDWHULDO WKDW DOORZV XOWUDVRXQG WR SDVV WKRXJK ZLWKRXW DIIHFWLQJ WKH
VLJQDORULPDJHTXDOLW\7KHSUREHVFRQQHFWXSWRDSODWIRUPZKLFKFRQQHFWVWR3&ZLWKWKH 'HUPDVFDQVRIWZDUHLQVWDOOHGIRULPDJHGLVSOD\DQGDQDO\VLV 'DWDFROOHFWLRQ
2QFH WKH 'HUPDVFDQZDVSXUFKDVHG DQGVHWXS DFXVWRP JDLQSURILOH ZDVGHYHORSHG IRU WKHXVHRQOHDWKHUVSHFLILFDOO\7KLVFXVWRPSURILOHZDVFUHDWHGZLWKWKHSXUSRVHRIGHWHFWLQJ DQ\FKDQJHLQFROODJHQILEULOVWUXFWXUHZLWKLQOHDWKHUIURPWKHJUDLQVXUIDFHWKURXJKWREHORZ WKHJUDLQFRULXPMXQFWLRQDQGLQWRWKHFRULXPOD\HURIOHDWKHU
.ODXV $KOEHFK DQG 6X]DQQH +ROVW %RUUH IURP &RUWH[ 7HFKQRORJLHV DVVLVWHG LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKLV FXVWRP SURILOH ZKLOH YLVLWLQJ &RUWH[ 7HFKQRORJLHV KHDGTXDUWHUV LQ $DOERUJ 'HQPDUN $OO OHDWKHU WHVWLQJ ZDV FDUULHG RXW XQGHUZDWHU WR IXUWKHU UHGXFH DWWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH VLJQDO DQG RSWLPLVH SHQHWUDWLRQ GHSWK DQG LPDJH TXDOLW\ 7KH SDUWLDOO\ SURFHVVHGOHDWKHUWKHZHWEOXHDQGSLFNOHZHUHDOVRVFDQQHGZKLOHVXEPHUJHGXQGHUZDWHU
'DWDDQDO\VLV
$VFDQ DQG %VFDQ DQDO\VLV FDQ EH UHFRUGHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ XVLQJ WKH 'HUPDVFDQVHWXS DQG ERWK ZHUH XVHGIRU OHDWKHU DQG $'0 DQDO\VLV $ %VFDQ LPDJH LV PDGH XS RI $ VFDQVXVLQJWKH'HUPDVFDQVRIWZDUH'HSWKPHDVXUHPHQWVGLVWDQFHVDQGWKLFNQHVVHVFDQ EH VHOHFWHG DQG GHWHUPLQHG RQ WKH 'HUPDVFDQ VRIWZDUH $VFDQ DQDO\VLV 7KH %VFDQ IXQFWLRQ SURYLGHV PRUH LQGHSWK LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV µ,QWHQVLW\ VHJPHQWDWLRQ¶ 7KLV LV WKH FDOFXODWLRQRIDQLPDJHDUHDZKLFKIDOOVZLWKLQDVSHFLILFLQWHQVLW\UDQJH7KLVUDQJHFDQEH VHW E\ DGMXVWLQJ WKH LQWHQVLW\ OHYHO VHWWLQJV LQ WKH SURJUDP 7KH SURJUDP LV FDSDEOH RI DXWRPDWLFDOO\ GHWHFWLQJ PDWHULDO HGJHV RU RWKHUZLVH D VSHFLILF DUHD RI LQWHUHVW FDQ EH PDQXDOO\ VHOHFWHG IRU DQDO\VLV :KHQ DQ DUHD RI D %VFDQ LPDJH KDV EHHQ VHOHFWHG LQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVWKHWRWDODUHDVHJPHQWHGDUHDVHOHFWHGLQPPPLQLPXPDQGPD[LPXP
GLVWDQFHVLQPPWKHWRWDOLQWHQVLW\LQDQGWKHLQWHQVLW\ZLWKLQWKHVHWUDQJHLQDUHDOO DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DQG LQVWDQWO\ FDOFXODWHG E\ WKH VRIWZDUH 7KLV TXLFN DQDO\VLV RI WKH UHFRUGHG XOWUDVRXQGLQWHQVLW\DQGDUHDRIDVDPSOHKDVSURYHGWREHDYHU\XVHIXOWRROLQWKHDQDO\VLV RIILEULOSDFNLQJDQGGHQVLW\LQOHDWKHUVDPSOHV7KLVZRUNLVIXUWKHUGLVFXVVHGLQFKDSWHUV DQG